**Lex Fridman:**你的人生故事激励了很多人,也激励了我。你在印度长大,全家人住在一间简朴的两居室公寓里,几乎没有任何接触技术的机会。从那样的卑微起点,你成长为一家市值2万亿美元的科技公司的掌舵人。所以如果你能穿越回去,告诉那个12岁的 Sundar,你现在正在领导人类历史上最大的公司之一,你觉得那个年轻的孩子会说什么?
**Lex Fridman:** - It was a five year waiting list, and we got a rotary telephone, but it dramatically changed our lives. You know, people would come to our house to make calls to their loved ones. You know, I would have to go all the way to the hospital to get blood test records, and it would take two hours to go, and they would say, "Sorry, it's not ready. Come back the next day." Two hours to come back. And that became a five-minute thing. So as a kid, like, I mean, this light bulb went in my head, you know, this power of technology to kind of change people's lives. We had no running water, you know, it was a massive drought, so they would get water in these trucks, maybe eight buckets per household. So me and my brother, sometimes my mom, we would wait in line, get that, and bring it back home. Many years later, like, we had running water, and we had a water heater, and you could get hot water to take a shower. I mean, like, so, you know, for me, everything was discreet like that. And so I've always had this thing, you know, first-time feeling of like how technology can dramatically change like your life, and the opportunity it brings. I think if p doom is actually high, at some point, all of humanity is like aligned and making sure that's not the case, right? And so we'll actually make more progress against it, I think. So the irony is, so there is a self-modulating aspect there. Like I think if humanity collectively puts their mind to solving a problem, whatever it is, I think we can get there. So, because of that, I think I'm optimistic on the p doom scenarios, but that doesn't mean, I think the underlying risk is actually pretty high, but, you know, I have a lot of faith in humanity kind of rising up to meet that moment. - Take me through that experience, when there's all these articles saying you're the wrong guy to lead Google through this, Google is lost, is done, it's over. (heavy air whooshing) The following is a conversation with Sundar Pichai, the CEO of Google and Alphabet on this, "The Lex Friedman Podcast." Your life story's inspiring to a lot of people, it's inspiring to me. You grew up in India, whole family living in a humble two-room apartment, very little, almost no access to technology. And from those humble beginnings, you rose to lead a $2 trillion technology company. So if you could travel back in time, and told that, let's say 12-year-old Sundar, that you're now leading one of the largest companies in human history, what do you think that young kid would say?
**Sundar Pichai:**我可能会一笑了之。你知道的,那时候太不可思议了,根本无法想象或相信。
**Sundar Pichai:** - I would've probably laughed it off. You know, probably too farfetched to imagine or believe at that time.
**Lex Fridman:**你得先给他解释什么是互联网。
**Lex Fridman:** - You would have to explain the internet first.
**Sundar Pichai:**那肯定的。我的意思是,那时候电脑对我来说——我1984年12岁,所以那时候我可能已经开始读到关于电脑的东西了,但还没见过一台。
**Sundar Pichai:** - For sure. I mean, computers to me, at that time, you know, I was 12 in 1984, so probably by then I'd started reading about them, I hadn't seen one.
**Lex Fridman:**那个地方是什么样的?带我去你的童年。
**Lex Fridman:** - What was that place like? Take me to your childhood.
**Sundar Pichai:**你知道,我在 Chennai 长大,在印度南部,是一个美丽而繁忙的城市。很多人,很多活力。简单的生活,我对在家门口打板球有美好的回忆。我们就在街上玩。所有邻居家的孩子都会出来,我们一直玩到天黑看不见为止,光着脚。有车来了,我们就停下比赛,让车开过去,然后继续玩,对吧?就是让你在脑海里有个画面。在电脑出现之前,有很多空闲时间,现在回想起来是这样。现在你得去寻找那种安静的独处或什么的。报纸和书籍是我当时获取世界信息的方式。我祖父是一个很大的影响,他在邮局工作。他的语言能力非常好,他的英文——他的书法,至今都是我见过的最漂亮的字迹。他写得非常清晰,表达非常清楚,所以他让我接触了书籍,他热爱政治,所以我们什么都能聊。在我的家庭里一直都是这样的,有很多书,垃圾小说也有,好书也有,从 Ayn Rand 到哲学书籍,到无聊的犯罪小说。所以书是我生活中很重要的一部分。但就是这样一种精神——我最终到了 Google 并不令人惊讶,因为 Google 的使命一直深深引起我的共鸣,这种对知识的获取,我渴望它。但我确实有关于童年的美好回忆。对知识的获取是有的,这方面是具备的。至于技术的方方面面,我得等很久。我之前说过我们等了多久才有电话,大约五年,但这不是唯一的事。
**Sundar Pichai:** - You know, I grew up in Chennai, it's in south of India, it's a beautiful bustling city. Lots of people, lots of energy. You know, simple life, definitely like fond memories of playing cricket outside the home. We just used to play on the streets. All the neighborhood kids would come out, and we would play till it got dark and we couldn't play anymore, barefoot. Traffic would come, we would just stop the game, everything would drive through, and you would just continue playing, right? Just to kind of get the visual in your head. You know, pre-computers, there's a lot of free time, now that I think about it. Now you have to go and seek that quiet solitude or something. Newspapers, books is how I gained access to the world's information at the time, if you will. My grandfather was a big influence, he worked in the post office. He was so good with language, his English, you know, his handwriting, till today, is the most beautiful handwriting I've ever seen. He would write so clearly, he was so articulate, and so he kind of got me introduced into books, he loved politics, so we could talk about anything. And, you know, that was there in my family throughout, so lots of books, trashy books, good books, everything from Ayn Rand, to books on philosophy, to stupid crime novels. So books was a big part of my life. But that kind of, this soul, it's not surprising I ended up at Google, because Google's mission kind of always resonated deeply with me, this access to knowledge, I was hungry for it. But definitely have, you know, fond memories of my childhood. Access to knowledge was there, so that's developed, we had. You know, every aspect of technology, I had to wait for a while. I've obviously spoken before about how long it took for us to get a phone, about five years, but it's not the only thing.
**Lex Fridman:**电话?
**Lex Fridman:** - A telephone?
**Sundar Pichai:**有一个五年的等待名单,然后我们得到了一部转盘式电话,但它彻底改变了我们的生活。人们会来我们家给他们的亲人打电话。我得一路跑到医院去取验血报告,要花两个小时,然后他们会说"对不起,还没好。明天再来。"再花两个小时回来。后来这变成了五分钟的事。所以作为一个孩子,我的脑子里就像亮了一盏灯,你知道的,这种技术的力量可以彻底改变人们的生活。我们没有自来水,那时候正好大旱。他们会用卡车送水来,每家大概八桶。所以我和我弟弟,有时候还有我妈妈,我们会排队,接水然后带回家。很多年以后,我们有了自来水,有了热水器,你可以得到热水洗澡。我的意思是,对我来说,所有的这些都是那样一个个离散的时刻。所以我一直都有这种感觉,那种第一次体验到技术如何能彻底改变你的生活,以及它带来的机会。所以这是我成长过程中一种潜移默化的感悟。我确实观察到了,也感受到了。所以我们花了很长时间说服我爸去买一台 VCR。你知道 VCR 是什么,对吧?(Lex 笑)我在试着判断你的年龄。
**Sundar Pichai:** - There was a five-year waiting list, and we got a rotary telephone, but it dramatically changed our lives. You know, people would come to our house to make calls to their loved ones. You know, I would have to go all the way to the hospital to get blood test records, and it would take two hours to go, and they would say, "Sorry, it's not ready. Come back the next day." Two hours to come back. And that became a five-minute thing. So as a kid, like, I mean, this light bulb went in my head, you know, this power of technology to kind of change people's lives. We had no running water, you know, it was a massive drought. So they would get water in these trucks, maybe eight buckets per household. So me and my brother, sometimes my mom, we would wait in line, get that and bring it back home. Many years later, like, we had running water, and we had a water heater, and you could get hot water to take a shower. I mean, like, so, you know, for me, everything was discrete like that. And so I've always had this thing, you know, first-time feeling of how technology can dramatically change like, your life, and the opportunity it brings. So, you know, that was kind of a subliminal takeaway for me throughout growing up. And, you know, I kind of actually observed it and felt it. You know, so we had to convince my dad for a long time to get a VCR. Do you know what a VCR is, yeah? (Lex laughing) I'm trying to date you now.
**Lex Fridman:**是的。
**Lex Fridman:** - [Lex] Yeah.
**Sundar Pichai:**但是在那之前,你只有一个电视频道,对吧?就这样。然后你可以看看电影之类的,但这是我高三的时候,我们才有了一台 VCR,是一台 Panasonic 的,我们得去某个商店买——那个商店可能是偷偷走私进来的——然后在那里买了 VCR。然后你可以录制世界杯足球赛,或者搞到盗版录像带看电影,所有这些。所以我成长过程中有这些离散的记忆。一直让我有这样的感觉——获得技术如何推动你生活中的阶跃式变化。
**Sundar Pichai:** - But, you know, because before that, you only had like kind of one TV channel. Right? That's it. And so, you know, you can watch movies or something like that, but this was by the time I was in 12th grade, we got a VCR, you know, it was like a Panasonic, which we had to go to some like shop which had kind of smuggled it in, I guess, and that's where we bought a VCR. But then being able to record, like a World Cup football game, or like get bootlegged videotapes and watch movies, like all that. So like, you know, I had these discrete memories growing up. And so, you know, always left me with the feeling of like, how getting access to technology drives that step change in your life.
**Lex Fridman:**我觉得你永远无法比拟第一次得到热水那种感觉。
**Lex Fridman:** - I don't think you'll ever be able to equal the first time you get hot water.
**Sundar Pichai:**去打开水龙头,热水就出来了,那种便利?是啊。
**Sundar Pichai:** - To have that convenience of going and opening a tap, and have hot water come out? Yeah.
**Lex Fridman:**这很有意思。我们把已经取得的进步视为理所当然。如果你看人类历史,那些跨越2000年的 GDP 图表,你可以看到那个指数增长,大部分进步发生在工业革命之后,我们就是把它视为理所当然,忘记了我们已经走了多远。所以我们理解自己处境有多好、以及技术能多快提升的能力,是相当差的。
**Lex Fridman:** - It's interesting. We take for granted the progress we've made. If you look at human history, just those plots that look at GDP across 2,000 years, and you see that exponential growth, to where most of the progress happened since the industrial revolution, and we just take for granted, we forget how far we've gone. So our ability to understand how great we have it, and also how quickly technology can improve, is quite poor.
**Sundar Pichai:**哦,我的意思是,这是非凡的。我现在回到印度,移动设备的力量——看到那种跨越时间弧线的进步,令人震撼。太了不起了。
**Sundar Pichai:** - Oh, I mean, it's extraordinary. You know, I go back to India now, the power of mobile, you know, it's mind-blowing to see the progress through the arc of time. It's phenomenal.
**Lex Fridman:**你会给全世界正在收听的、仰望你、觉得你的故事很有启发性的年轻人什么建议?那些想成为下一个 Sundar Pichai 的人,想创业、建造一些在世界上有很大影响力的东西的人?
**Lex Fridman:** - What advice would you give to young folks listening to this all over the world who look up to you and find your story inspiring? Who want to be maybe the next Sundar Pichai, who wanna start, create companies, build something that has a lot of impact in the world?
**Sundar Pichai:**你知道,一路上有很多运气的成分,但你显然得做出聪明的选择,你在想自己想做什么,你的大脑在告诉你一些东西。但当你做事情的时候,我认为重要的是要倾听你的内心,看看你是否真的喜欢做这件事。对吧?那种感觉——如果你热爱你做的事,一切都会容易得多,你会看到最好的自己。说起来容易做起来难。我觉得找到你热爱的事情很难,但我觉得在弄清楚自己想做什么这件事上,多听从内心而不是头脑,是我能给人们最好的建议之一。第二件事是,试着和那些你觉得比你厉害的人一起工作。在我人生的不同阶段,我和一些我觉得比我强的人一起工作过,那种感觉就像你坐在一个房间里和某个人交谈,然后你会觉得"哇"。你需要有那种感觉几次,试着让自己处于和那些你觉得能拓展你能力边界的人一起工作的位置上,这才是帮助你成长的东西。所以把自己放在不舒服的处境中。而且我觉得,很多时候,你会让自己吃惊。所以我觉得保持足够开放的心态,把自己放到那些位置上,也许是我要说的另一件事。
**Sundar Pichai:** - Look, you have a lot of luck along the way, but you obviously have to make smart choices, you're thinking about what you want to do, your brain is telling you something. But when you do things, I think it's important to kind of get that, listen to your heart, and see whether you actually enjoy doing it. Right, that feeling of, if you love what you do, it's so much easier, and you're going to see the best version of yourself. It's easier said than done. I think it's tough to find things you love doing, but I think kind of listening to your heart a bit more than your mind in terms of figuring out what you want to do I think is one of the best things I would tell people. The second thing is, I mean, trying to work with people who you feel, at various points in my life I worked with people who I felt were better than me, that kind of like, you know, you almost are sitting in a room talking to someone, and they're like, wow. Like, you know, and you want that feeling a few times, trying to get yourself in a position where you're working with people who you feel are kind of like stretching your abilities is what helps you grow, I think. So putting yourself in uncomfortable situations. And I think, often, you'll surprise yourself. So I think being open-minded enough to kind of put yourself in those positions is maybe another thing I would say.
**Lex Fridman:**从外人的角度看,你的故事能让我们学到什么教训呢?认识你之后,你很谦逊,你很善良。通常当我想到一个有着像你这样经历、在一个残酷的世界里爬到领导层最顶端的人,他们通常会有点混蛋。所以我们应该从你这种平衡、谦逊、善良、倾听每个人的一般做法中得到什么智慧呢?你的秘诀是什么?
**Lex Fridman:** - What lessons can we learn, maybe from an outsider perspective, for me, looking at your story and gotten to know you a bit, you're humble, you're kind. Usually when I think of somebody who has had a journey like yours and climbs to the very top of leadership in a cut throat world, they're usually gonna be a bit of an asshole. So what wisdom are we supposed to draw from the fact that your general approach is of balance, of humility, of kindness, listening to everybody? What's your secret?
**Sundar Pichai:**我也会生气。我也会沮丧。在工作和所有事情的背景下,我有着和大家一样的情绪。但有几件事。我觉得随着时间推移,我找到了从人们身上获得最大效能的最佳方式。你找到那些以使命为导向的人,他们和你在同一段旅程中,有着对卓越的内在驱动力,要做到最好。然后你激励大家,这样你就能取得很多成就,对吧?所以通常事情就是这样进展的。但有没有我失控的时候?有。但可能比其他人少一些。也许随着年份的推移,越来越少了,因为我发现不需要那样做也能实现你需要做的事。
**Sundar Pichai:** - I do get angry. I do get frustrated. I have the same emotions all of us do, right, in the context of work and everything. But a few things, right? I think, you know, over time I figured out the best way to get the most out of people. You know, you kind of find mission-oriented people who are in the shared journey, who have this inner drive to excellence, to do the best. And, you know, you kind of motivate people, and you can achieve a lot that way, right? And so it often tends to work out that way. But have there been times like, you know, I lose it? Yeah. But, you know, maybe less often than others. And maybe over the years, less and less so, because, you know, I find it's not needed to achieve what you need to do.
**Lex Fridman:**所以发飙并没有带来生产力。
**Lex Fridman:** - [Lex] So losing your shit has not been productive.
**Sundar Pichai:**是的,大多数情况下不会。我觉得人们会回应那种方式——他们可能会做出反应。但你实际上想让他们做正确的事。所以也许有点像体育的元素,我是体育迷——在足球教练中,那种足球(soccer),(Lex 轻笑)人们经常谈论人员管理,伟大的教练做的事。我觉得在我们的生活中也有这样的元素。你怎么从和你一起工作的人身上得到最好的表现?有时候你和那些非常投入的人一起工作,如果他们做错了什么,他们的感受比你还深,对吧?所以你对待他们的方式和偶尔需要明确告诉他们"那样不行"的人不同。但我经常发现大多数情况不是后者。
**Sundar Pichai:** - [Sundar] Yeah, less often than not, I think people respond to that, they may do stuff to react to that. Like, but you actually want them to do the right thing, and so, you know, maybe there's a bit of like sports, you know, I'm a sports fan, in football coaches, in soccer, that football, (Lex chuckling) you know, people often talk about like man management, right, great coaches do, right? I think there is an element of that in our lives. How do you get the best out of the people you work with? You know, at times you're working with people who are so committed to achieving, if they've done something wrong, they feel it more than you do, right? So you treat them differently than, you know, occasionally there are people who you need to clearly let them know, like, "That wasn't okay," or whatever it is. But I've often found that not to be the case.
**Lex Fridman:**有时候在正确的时间说出正确的话,坚定地说出来,可以穿越时间产生回响。
**Lex Fridman:** - And sometimes the right words at the right time, spoken firmly, can reverberate through time.
**Sundar Pichai:**还有,有时候是不说出来的话。人们有时能看到你不高兴,而不需要你说出来。所以有时候沉默能更有力地传达那个信息。
**Sundar Pichai:** - Also, sometimes the unspoken words. You know, people can sometimes see that like, you know, you're unhappy without you saying it. And so sometimes the silence can deliver that message even more.
**Lex Fridman:**有时候少即是多。谁是有史以来最伟大的足球运动员?Messi 还是 Ronaldo,或者 Pele,或者 Maradona?
**Lex Fridman:** - Sometimes less is more. Who's the greatest soccer player of all time? Messi or Ronaldo, or Pele, or Maradona?
**Sundar Pichai:**在这个问题上我要——
**Sundar Pichai:** - I'm gonna make, you know, in this question-
**Lex Fridman:**这是一个政治化的回答吗?(笑)
**Lex Fridman:** - Is this gonna be a political answer? (laughs)
**Sundar Pichai:**不,不。我会说实话的答案。
**Sundar Pichai:** - No, no. I will tell the truthful answer.
**Lex Fridman:**所以是 Messi。好的。
**Lex Fridman:** - So it's Messi. Okay.
**Sundar Pichai:**是的。你知道,这一直很有趣,因为我儿子是 Cristiano Ronaldo 的铁杆粉丝,所以我们不得不一起看 El Classico,在那种关系动态下。我非常敬佩 CR7——我从没见过一个运动员对那种卓越的追求如此执着,所以他是历史上最伟大的球员之一。但对我来说,Messi 才是那个。
**Sundar Pichai:** - It is. You know, it's been interesting, 'cause my son is a big Cristiano Ronaldo fan, and so we've had to watch El Classicos together, you know, with that dynamic in there. I so admire CR7's, I mean, I've never seen an athlete more committed to that kind of excellence, and so he's one of the all time greats. But you know, for me, Messi is it.
**Lex Fridman:**是的,当我看到 Lionel Messi 的时候,你就是对人类能够达到那种伟大、天才和艺术性的水平感到敬畏。当我们谈论 AI、机器人和这类东西的时候——那种天才水平,我不确定 AI 在很长时间内能否匹敌。这只是伟大的一个例子,你在其他学科也有那种伟大,但在体育中,你能以不同于其他任何方式视觉上看到它。那种时机、移动,就是天才。
**Lex Fridman:** - Yeah, when I see Lionel Messi, you just are in awe that humans are able to achieve that level of greatness and genius and artistry. When we talk, we'll talk about AI, maybe robotics and this kind of stuff. That level of genius, I'm not sure you can possibly match by AI in a long time. It's just an example of greatness, and you have that kind of greatness in other disciplines, but in sport, you get to visually see it, unlike anything else. And just the timing, the movement, there's just genius.
**Sundar Pichai:**我几周前有机会去看他比赛,他在 San Jose 踢球,对阵 Quakes,所以我去看了那场比赛。坐在球迷席上,位置不错,知道他下半场会在哪里踢。即使在他这个年纪,当他拿到球的时候,那种移动——你说得对,那种特别的品质,很难描述,但当你看到的时候你能感受到。是的。
**Sundar Pichai:** - Had the chance to see him a couple weeks ago, he played in San Jose, so against the Quakes, so I went to see it, see the game. Was a fan on the, had good seats, knew where he would play in the second half, hopefully. And even at his age, just watching him when he gets the ball, that movement, you know, you're right, that special quality, it's tough to describe, but you feel it when you see it. Yeah.
**Lex Fridman:**他还在巅峰。如果我们把整个人类历史上所有的技术创新排个名,让我们回溯也许人类文明的历史,一万两千年前,然后按照它们作为生产力倍增器的效果来排名。我们可以说电力,或者工业革命的劳动机械化,或者我们可以回到一万两千年前的第一次农业革命。在那个长长的发明列表中,你认为 AI——当一千年后的历史被书写时——它有机会成为排名第一的生产力倍增器吗?
**Lex Fridman:** - He's still got it. If we rank all the technological innovations throughout human history, let's go back, maybe the history of human civilizations, 12,000 years ago, and you rank them by how much of a productivity multiplier they've been. So we can go to electricity, or the labor mechanization of the industrial revolution, or we can go back to the first agricultural revolution 12,000 years ago. In that long list of inventions, do you think AI, when history is written 1,000 years from now, do you think it has a chance to be the number one productivity multiplier?
**Sundar Pichai:**这是个好问题。你看,很多年前,我觉得可能是2017年或2018年,当时我说过,AI 是人类有史以来将从事的最深刻的技术,它将比火或电更深刻。所以我得为自己说过的话背书,我仍然认为是这样。当你问这个问题的时候,我在想,我们是不是有近因偏差?对吧?就像在体育中,把你正在看的当前球员称为最伟大的球员是很有诱惑力的,对吧?那么这里有没有近因偏差?从第一性原理出发,我会说 AI 将比所有那些都更大。我没有经历过那些时刻——两年前我不得不做一次手术,然后我意识到曾经有一段时间人们做这些手术时没有麻醉。在那个时刻,我觉得那一定是人类有史以来最伟大的发明(Lex 笑),对吧?所以我们不知道经历那些时代是什么感觉。但你谈到的许多东西都是那种影响了几乎一切的通用性事物——电力,或互联网等等。但我不认为我们曾经遇到过一种技术,既进步得如此之快,变得如此强大,而且天花板还不清楚在哪里。而且最关键的独特之处在于,它是递归式自我改进的。它有这种能力。所以它将是第一种能够戏剧性加速创造本身的技术——创造新事物、构建新东西,它能自己改进和实现东西,我觉得这把它放在了一个不同的级别。不同的级别。所以我认为它最终将产生的影响将远远超过我们之前见过的一切。当然伴随而来的还有很多重要的事情需要思考和应对,但我绝对认为最终会是这样的。
**Sundar Pichai:** - It's a great question. Look, many years ago, I think it might have been 2017 or 2018, you know, I said at the time, like, you know, AI is the most profound technology humanity will ever work on, it'll be more profound than fire or electricity. So I have to back myself, you know, I still think that's the case. You know, when you asked this question, I was thinking, well, do we have a recency bias? Right, you know, like in sports, it's very tempting to call the current person you're seeing the greatest player, right? And so is there a recency bias? And, you know, I do think, from first principles, I would argue AI will be bigger than all of those. I didn't live through those moments, you know, two years ago I had to go through a surgery, and then I processed that there was a point in time people didn't have anesthesia when they went through these procedures. At that moment, I was like, that has got to be the greatest invention (Lex laughing) humanity ever done, right? So look, we don't know what it is to have lived through those times. But, you know, many of what you're talking about were kind of these general things which pretty much affected everything, you know, electricity, or internet, et cetera. But I don't think we've ever dealt with the technology, both which is progressing so fast, becoming so capable, it's not clear what the ceiling is. And the main unique, it's recursively self-improving, right? It's capable of that. And so the fact it is going, it's the first technology will kind of dramatically accelerate creation itself, like creating things, building new things, can improve and achieve things on its own, right, I think like puts it in a different league, right? Different league. And so I think the impact it will end up having will far surpass everything we've seen before. Obviously with that comes a lot of important things to think and wrestle with, but I definitely think that'll end up being the case.
**Lex Fridman:**特别是如果它达到了在 AI 研究本身上实现超人类表现的地步。所以这是一种可能——这是一个开放问题——但它可能能够达到这样一种水平:技术本身能够比昨天更好地创造自己。
**Lex Fridman:** - Especially if it gets to the point of where we can achieve superhuman performance on the AI research itself. So it's the technology that may, it's an open question, but it may be able to achieve a level to where the technology itself can create itself better than it could yesterday.
**Sundar Pichai:**就像 AlphaGo 的第37手,或者研究版本的那个,对吧?当它能够进行新颖的、自主导向的研究时。显然在很长一段时间内,我们将会有——希望永远有——人类在回路中,以及所有那些事情。这些都是很复杂的问题。但是的,我认为底层技术——我说过这个——如果你看过 AlphaGo 从零开始,一无所知,然后在一天之内变得更强,当你看到这个发生的时候,真的会触动你。就像 Veo 3 模型一样,如果你在它们完成30%和60%的时候去采样这些模型,看看它们在生成什么,然后你看到它是怎么组合在一起的,我会说——这有点振奋人心,作为人类也有点不安。所有这些都是真实的。
**Sundar Pichai:** - It's like the move 37 of Alpha research, or whatever it is, right? Like, you know, yeah, you're right, when it can do novel, self-directed research. Obviously for a long time, we'll have, hopefully always, humans in the loop and all that stuff. And these are complex questions to talk about. But yes, I think the underlying technology, you know, I've said this, like if you've seen Alpha Go start from scratch, be clueless, and like become better through the course of a day, you know, kind of like really it hits you when you see that happen. Even like, the Veo 3 models, if you sample the models when they were like 30% done and 60% done and looked at what they were generating, and you kind of see how it all comes together, it's kind of like, I would say, it's kind of inspiring, a little bit unsettling, right, as a human. So all of that is true, I think.
**Lex Fridman:**嗯,工业革命的有趣之处,电力——就像你提到的——你可以回溯到第一次农业革命。有一种叫做"新石器时代组合"的东西关于第一次农业革命。不仅仅是游牧民族安定下来开始种植食物,还有各种其他技术从中诞生,它包含在这个组合中。不只是一项技术,还有那些涟漪效应、二阶和三阶效应。从一些看似微小的东西——微小?不,是深刻的——比如陶器,可以存储液体和食物,到我们视为理所当然的东西,比如社会等级制度和政治等级制度,早期政府就是这样形成的。因为事实证明,如果人类停止迁移并有了一些剩余食物,他们就开始想出——他们无聊了(轻笑)然后开始想出有趣的系统。然后贸易出现了,这被证明是一件非常深刻的事情。还有政府。二阶和三阶效应实在令人难以置信。而且如果你问游牧部落中的人去预测这些,可能完全不可能。很难预测。但话虽如此,你认为我们在所谓的"AI 组合"中可能会最先看到什么?
**Lex Fridman:** - Well, the interesting thing of the industrial revolution, electricity, like you mentioned, you can go back to, again, the agriculture, the first agricultural revolution, there's what's called the neolithic package over the first agricultural revolution. That it wasn't just that the nomads settled down and started planting food, but all this other kinds of technology was born from that, and it's included this package. It wasn't one piece of technology, it's there's these ripple effects, second and third order effects that happen. Everything from something silly, like, silly? Profound, like pottery, it can store liquids and food, to something we kind of take for granted, but social hierarchies, and political hierarchies, so like early government was formed. Because it turns out if humans stop moving and have some surplus food, they start coming up with, they get bored (chuckles) and they start coming up with interesting systems. And then trade emerges, which turns out to be a really profound thing. And like I said, government. I mean, there's just second and third order effects from that, included in that package, it's incredible. And probably extremely difficult, if you ask one of the people in the nomadic tribes to predict that, it would be impossible, and it's difficult to predict. But all that said, what do you think are some of the early things we might see in the quote-unquote AI package?
**Sundar Pichai:**大部分我们今天可能还不知道,但你知道,有一件事我们现在可以切实看到的是——显然随着编程方面的进展,你能感受到。很容易想象,脑海中的想法可以转化为存在的东西,这将是这个组合的一部分,对吧?它将赋能几乎全人类去表达自己。也许过去你只能用文字表达,但现在你可以把东西构建成存在。(笑)也许今天还不完全是这样,我们处于 vibe coding 的早期阶段。我对人们用 Veo 3 在网上发布的东西感到惊叹。但这需要一些功夫,你得把一系列提示拼接在一起。但所有这些都会变得更好。我总是想的一件事是,现在是它最差的时候,对吧?在任何给定的时间点。
**Sundar Pichai:** - I mean, most of it probably we don't know today, but like, you know, the one thing which we can tangibly start seeing now is, you know, obviously with the coding progress, you got a sense of it. It's gonna be so easy to imagine, like thoughts in your head, translating that into things that exist, that'll be part of the package, right? Like it's gonna empower almost all of humanity to kind of express themselves. Maybe in the past you could have expressed with words, but like, you could kind of build things into existence. Right? (laughs) You know, maybe not fully today, we're at the early stages of vibe coding. You know, I've been amazed at what people have put out online with Veo 3. But it takes a bit of work, right, you have to stitch together a set of prompts. But all this is gonna get better. The thing I always think about, this is the worst it'll ever be, right, like at any given moment in time.
**Lex Fridman:**是的,有趣的是你首先想到了这个。所以创意获取的指数级增长。
**Lex Fridman:** - Yeah, it's interesting you went there as kind of a first thought. So an exponential increase of access to creativity.
**Sundar Pichai:**软件创作。你在创建一个程序?一段与他人分享的内容?游戏,再往后延伸。所有这些都变得无限更加可能。
**Sundar Pichai:** - Software creation. Are you creating a program? A piece of content to be shared with others? Games, down the line. All of that like just becomes infinitely more possible.
**Lex Fridman:**我觉得最大的事情是它让这一切变得可及。它释放了整个80亿人的认知能力。
**Lex Fridman:** - Well, I think the big thing is that it makes it accessible. It unlocks the cognitive capabilities of the entire 8 billion.
**Sundar Pichai:**不,我同意。想想40年前,也许在美国有五个人能做你正在做的事。做一个访谈。但是今天,想想有了 YouTube 和其他产品等等,有多少更多的人在做这件事。所以我认为这就是技术所做的,对吧?当互联网创造了博客的时候,你从多得多的人那里听到了声音。但有了 AI,我觉得那个数字不会是几十万,而将是数千万人,甚至可能十亿人,以更深层次的方式向世界输出东西。
**Sundar Pichai:** - No, I agree. Look, think about 40 years ago, maybe in the U.S. there were five people who could do what you were doing. Like go do a interview. And you know, but today, think about with YouTube, and other products, et cetera, like how many more people are doing it. So I think this is what technology does, right? Like when the in ternet created blogs, you know, you heard from so many more people. But with the AI, I think that number won't be in the few hundreds of thousands, it'll be tens of millions of people, maybe even a billion people, like putting out things into the world in a deeper way.
**Lex Fridman:**我认为它会改变创意的格局。这让很多人紧张,比如 Fox、MSNBC、CNN 真的很紧张。"你是说这个穿西装的家伙就能做这个?YouTube,以及成千上万、数万、数百万的其他创作者也能做同样的事?"这让他们紧张。然后你从 Notebook LM 得到一个播客,大概比我做过的任何播客好5到10倍。(Lex 笑)
**Lex Fridman:** And I think it'll change the landscape of creativity. And it makes a lot of people nervous, like for example, whatever, Fox, MSNBC, CNN are really nervous about this pod. Like, "You mean this dude in a suit could just do this? And YouTube, and thousands of others, tens of thousands, millions of other creators can do the same kind of thing?" That makes them nervous. And now you get a podcast from Notebook LM, that's about 5 to 10 times better than any podcast I've ever done. (Lex laughing)
**Sundar Pichai:**那不是真的。但是的。
**Sundar Pichai:** Not true. But yeah.
**Lex Fridman:**这次我在开玩笑,但也许将来就不是了,这改变了一切——你必须进化。因为在播客这条战线上,比起做主持人之类的,我更是一个播客爱好者。如果有两个 AI 做的优秀播客,我就不做这个播客了,我去听那个播客。但你必须进化,你必须改变,这让人们真的很紧张。但这也是一个非常令人兴奋的未来。
**Lex Fridman:** I'm joking at this time, but maybe not, and that changes, you have to evolve. Because on the podcasting front, I'm a fan of podcasts much more than I am a fan of being a host or whatever. If there's great podcasts that are both AIs, I'll just stop doing this podcast, I'll listen to that podcast. But you have to evolve, and you have to change, and that makes people really nervous, I think. But it's also a really exciting future.
**Sundar Pichai:**我可能要说的一件事是,我确实觉得,在一个有两个 AI 的世界里,人们会更看重和选择——就像在国际象棋中,你和我永远不会去看 Stockfish 10 或什么和 AlphaGo 相互对弈,那对我们来说很无聊。但 Magnus Carlsen 和 Gukesh 的比赛会更吸引人。所以很难说——一种说法是,你会有更多内容,所以你会听 AI 生成的内容,因为有时候它更高效等等,但你看重的那种高端体验可能是人类本质闪现的某种版本。回到我们之前谈到的看 Messi 盘带。我知道有一天,一台机器肯定能比 Messi 盘带得更好,但我不知道它是否会在我们心中唤起同样的情感。所以我觉得这会是很吸引人的。
**Sundar Pichai:** The one thing I may say is, I do think, like, in a world in which there are two AI, I think people value and choose, just like in chess, you and I would never watch Stockfish 10 or whatever and Alpha Go play against each other, like it would be boring for us to watch. But Magnus Carlsen and Gukesh, that game would be much more fascinating to watch. So it's tough to say, like, one way to say is, you'll have a lot more content, and so you will be listening to AI-generated content, because sometimes it's efficient, et cetera, but the premium experiences you value might be a version of like, the human essence wherever it comes through. Going back to what we talked earlier about watching Messi dribble the ball. I know one day, I'm sure a machine will dribble much better than Messi, but I don't know whether it would evoke that same emotion in us. So I think that'll be fascinating to see.
**Lex Fridman:**我认为播客或有声书中关于信息收集的那部分,那部分可能会被取代,或者以更高效、更引人入胜的方式由 AI 来完成。但接下来,听人类与信息搏斗(笑)、与信息角力、试图内化它、把它与我们自身情感和意识的复杂性结合起来,这也挺好的。但如果你真的想了解一段历史,你去找 Gemini。如果你想看 Lex 与那段历史搏斗,或者其他人类,你看那个。但关键是,它将改变——继续改变我们发现信息、消费信息、创造信息的方式,就像 YouTube 完全改变了一切,改变了新闻一样。这是我们社会正在挣扎的事情。
**Lex Fridman:** I think the element of podcasting or audio books that is about information gathering, that part might be removed, or that might be more efficiently, and in a compelling way, done by AI. But then you'll be just nice to hear humans struggle with the information, (laughs) contend with the information, try to internalize it, combine it with the complexity of our own emotions, and consciousness, and all that kind of stuff. But if you actually wanna find out about a piece of history, you go to Gemini. If you want to see Lex struggle with that history, or other humans, you look at that. But the point is, it's going to change the nature, continue to change the nature of how we discover information, how we consume the information, how we create that information, the same way that YouTube changed everything completely, changed news. And that's something our society's struggling with.
**Sundar Pichai:**是的,YouTube——看,YouTube 赋能了——你比任何人都更了解这一点——它赋能了如此多的创作者。我毫不怀疑我们将赋能比以往任何时候都多的电影制作人。对吧?你将赋能更多的人。所以我认为这有一个扩张性的方面,这一点被低估了。我觉得它将以前所未有的方式释放人类的创造力,很难内化。唯一的方式就是如果你把50年代或40年代的人带来,放到 YouTube 面前,(笑)我觉得他们会目瞪口呆。同样地,我觉得在10到20年的时间框架内,我们会被可能性所震撼。
**Sundar Pichai:** Yeah, YouTube, look, YouTube enabled, I mean, you know this better than anyone else, it's enabled so many creators. There is no doubt in me that like, we will enable more filmmakers than there have ever been. Right? You're gonna empower a lot more people. So I think there is an expansionary aspect of this, which is underestimated, I think. I think it'll unleash human creativity in a way that hasn't been seen before, it's tough to internalize. The only way is if you brought someone from the '50s or '40s and just put them in front of YouTube, (laughs) you know, I think it would blow their mind away. Similarly, I think we would get blown away by what's possible in a 10- to 20-year timeframe.
**Lex Fridman:**你认为有没有这样一个未来——还有多少年——比如说我们给它打个标,50%的好内容是由 Veo 4、5、6 生成的?
**Lex Fridman:** Do you think there's a future, and how many years out is it that, let's say, let's put a mark on it, 50% of content, good content, 50% of good content is generated by Veo 4, 5, 6?
**Sundar Pichai:**我觉得这取决于它的用途。比如说,看看今天有 CGI 的电影,有很棒的电影制作人——你还是看导演是谁、谁在用它。有些电影制作人完全不用 CGI,你也欣赏那个。有些人用得非常好——想想像 James Cameron 这样的人,他用这些工具能做什么。但我觉得会有更多内容被创造出来。就像今天的作家使用 Google Docs,不会去想他们在使用一个工具。人们会使用这些东西的未来版本,对他们来说根本不是什么大事。
**Sundar Pichai:** You know, I think depends on what it is for. Like, you know, maybe if you look at movies today with CGI, there are great filmmakers, like you still look at like who the directors are and who use it, there are filmmakers who don't use it at all, you value that. There are people who use it incredibly, you know, think about somebody like a James Cameron, like what he would do with these tools in his hands. But I think there'll be a lot more content created. Just like writers today use Google Docs, and not think about the fact that they're using a tool like that. Like people will be using the future versions of these things, like, it won't be a big deal at all to them.
**Lex Fridman:**我有机会认识了 Darren Aronofsky,他一直在积极投入并试图弄清楚。看一个天才——在这一切还不可能的时候就开始创作的天才——他创作了"Pi",我最喜欢的电影之一——从那以后继续创作了非常有趣的各种电影。现在他在尝试 AI 如何被用来创造引人入胜的电影。你有这样的人。你还有更前卫的、AI优先的人,比如 Dor Brothers。Aronofski 和 Dor Brothers 都在社会 Overton Window 的边缘创作。他们推动边界,无论是性还是暴力。这很前卫,就像艺术家一样,但仍然有格调,不会越过那条线。不管那条线在哪里。Hunter S. Thompson 有句话,找到那条线在哪里的唯一方法就是越过它。我觉得对艺术家来说这是真的,这有时是他们的目的,喜剧演员和艺术家就是越过那条线。我想知道你能不能谈谈这把 Google 放在了一个多么奇怪的位置。(Lex 轻笑)因为 Google 的那条线可能和这些艺术家的不一样。你怎么看——特别是 Veo 和 Flow——如何让艺术家做疯狂的事,但同时也有不让它太疯狂的责任?
**Lex Fridman:** I've gotten a chance to get to know Darren Aronofsky well, he's been really leaning in and trying to figure out. It's fun to watch a genius who came up before any of this was even remotely possible, he created "Pi," one of my favorite movies, and from there just continued to create a really interesting variety of movies. And now he's trying to see how can AI be used to create compelling films. You have people like that. You have people, I've gotten just to know edgier folks that are AI first, like Dor Brothers, both Aronofski and Dor Brothers create at the edge of the Overton Window of society. You know, they push, whether it's sexuality or violence. It's edgy, like artists are, but it's still classy, it doesn't cross that line. Whatever that line is. You know, Hunter S. Thompson has this line, that the only way to find out where the edge, where the line is, is by crossing it. And I think for artists, that's true, that's kind of their purpose sometimes, comedians and artists just cross that line. I wonder if you can comment on the weird place that puts Google. (Lex chuckling softly) Because Google's line is probably different than some of these artists. How do you think about, specifically Veo and Flow, about like how to allow artists to do crazy shit? But also like the responsibility for it not to be too crazy?
**Sundar Pichai:**这是个好问题。你提到了 Darren,他是一个明确的远见者,对吧?我们很早就开始和他在 Veo 上合作的部分原因是,他是那种能够看到未来、从中获得灵感、并且展示创意人士如何用它来表达自己的人。看,我认为当涉及到允许艺术自由表达时,这是一个社会中最重要的价值观之一。艺术家一直是推动边界、扩展思想前沿的人。所以我认为这将是我们拥有的一个重要价值观。我们会提供工具,把它放在艺术家手中让他们使用并发布作品。那些 API——我几乎把它看作基础设施。就像你给人们提供电力一样,你希望他们使用它,你不会去考虑上面的使用场景。
**Sundar Pichai:** I mean, it's a great question. Look, part of, you mentioned Darren, you know, he's a clear visionary, right? Part of the reason we started working with him early on Veo is he is one of those people who's able to kind of see that future, get inspired by it, and kind of showing the way for how creative people can express themselves with it. Look, I think when it comes to allowing artistic free expression, it is one of the most important values in a society, right? I think. You know, artists have always been the ones to push, push boundaries, expand the frontiers of thought. And so, look, I think that's gonna be an important value we have. So I think we will provide tools, and put it in the hands of artists for them to use and put out their work. Those APIs, I mean, I almost think of that as infrastructure. Just like when you provide electricity to people or something, you want them to use it, and like, you're not thinking about the use cases on top of it. So-
**Lex Fridman:**它是一支画笔。
**Lex Fridman:** It's a paint brush.
**Sundar Pichai:**是的。所以我认为就是这样。显然必须有一些底线,社会需要在根本层面上决定什么是可以的,什么是不可以的。我们会负责任地对待。但我确实觉得,在艺术自由表达方面,这是我们应该努力捍卫的价值观之一。
**Sundar Pichai:** Yeah. And so I think that's how. Obviously, there have to be some things, and, you know, society needs to decide, at a fundamental level, what's okay, what's not. We'll be responsible with it. But I do think, you know, when it comes to artistic free expression, I think that's one of those values we should work hard to defend.
**Lex Fridman:**我想知道你能不能谈谈——也许早期版本的 Gemini 在你愿意回答的事情上有点谨慎。我想说的是,我真的很惊讶,也很高兴地惊讶并且很享受的是,Gemini 2.5 Pro 在好的意义上没那么谨慎了。别问我为什么,但我一直在做大量关于 Genghis Khan 的研究(Sundar 笑),还有 Aztec,那些历史中有很多暴力,是非常暴力的历史。我也一直在做大量关于第一次世界大战和第二次世界大战的研究,早期版本的 Gemini 基本上会说"你确定要了解这个吗?"现在它实际上非常事实性的、客观的,谈论人类历史中非常困难的部分,而且有细微差别和深度。这真的很好。但那里有一条线,Google 必须走好。这也是一个工程挑战,如何在大规模上做到这一点,面对人们提出的所有奇怪查询(笑)。你能谈谈这个挑战吗?你如何让 Gemini 说疯狂的东西,但又不要太疯狂?
**Lex Fridman:** I wonder if you can comment on, maybe earlier versions of Gemini were a little bit careful on the kind of things you would be willing to answer. I just wanna comment on, I was really surprised, and pleasantly surprised, and enjoyed the fact that Gemini 2.5 Pro is a lot less careful in a good sense. Don't ask me why, but I've been doing a lot of research on Genghis Khan, (Sundar laughing) and the Aztecs, so there's a lot of violence there in that history, it's a very violent history. I've also been doing a lot of research on World War I and World War II, and earlier versions of Gemini were very, basically this kind of sense, "Are you sure you wanna learn about this?" And now it's actually very factual, objective, talks about very difficult parts of human history, and does so with nuance and depth. It's been really nice. But there's a line there that I guess Google has to kind of walk. And it's also an engineering challenge, how to do that at scale across all the weird queries (laughs) that people ask. Can you just speak to that challenge? How do you allow Gemini to say, again, pardon my French, crazy shit, but not too crazy?
**Sundar Pichai:**我觉得这里有一个很好的洞察:随着模型变得更强大,模型在这方面真的很擅长,对吧?所以我觉得在某种程度上,也许一年前模型还没有完全到位,所以它们会更频繁地做蠢事。你在试图处理那些边缘情况,但你在处理方式上犯了错误,而且它会累积。但我觉得在 2.5 版本中,我们特别发现的是,一旦模型越过了某个智能和复杂性的水平,它们就能很好地推理这些细微的问题。用户真的想要这个,对吧?你想尽可能地接近原始模型。但我认为这是一个值得思考的好领域——随着时间推移,我们应该允许越来越接近它的访问。显然让人们自定义 prompt,如果他们想的话,以及实验等等。我认为这是一个重要的方向。但我们想从第一性原理来思考的是,从科学的角度——我说科学是指就像你处理数学或物理那样——从第一性原理出发,让模型推理世界、保持细微差别等等,从底层开始这样构建是正确的方式。而不是由某些人类子集在上面硬编码东西。所以我觉得这是我们一直在走的方向,你会看到我们继续推进这个方向。
**Sundar Pichai:** I think one of the good insights here has been, as the models are getting more capable, the models are really good at this stuff, right, and so I think in some ways, maybe a year ago the models weren't fully there, so they would also do stupid things more often. And so, you know, you're trying to handle those edge cases, but then you make a mistake in how you handle those edge cases, and it compounds. But I think with 2.5, what we particularly found is, once the models cross a certain level of intelligence and sophistication, you know, they are able to reason through these nuanced issues pretty well. And I think users really want that, right? Like, you know, you want as much access to the raw model as possible, right? But I think it's a great area to think about, like, you know, over time, we should allow more and more closer access to it. Obviously let people custom prompts if they wanted to, and, you know, experiment with it, et cetera. I think that's an important direction. But look, the first principles we wanna think about it is, you know, from a scientific standpoint, like making sure the models, and I'm saying scientific in the sense of like how you would approach math or physics or something like that, from first principles, having the models reason about the world, be nuanced, et cetera, you know, from the ground up is the right way to build these things, right? Not like some subset of humans kind of hard coding things on top of it. So I think it's the direction we've been taking, and I think you'll see us continue to push in that direction.
**Lex Fridman:** 是的,我实际上问了,我给了这些笔记,我做了大量的笔记,然后把它们给了 Gemini,(笑)然后说,"你能不能问一个这些笔记里没有的新颖问题?"然后它写了,Gemini 继续让我真的很惊讶,真的让我惊讶了,它一直很美妙,是一个令人难以置信的模型。它生成的问题是,"你,"意思是 Sundar,"告诉全世界 Gemini 每月产出480万亿个 token,在那个大海捞针里隐藏着的最能改变生活的五个词的句子是什么?"(Sundar 大笑)这是一个 Gemini 式的问题。但它给了我一种感觉,我觉得你没法回答这个问题,但它让我意识到,所有这些 token 都在为全球各地的人们提供小小的顿悟时刻。所以这就像学习一样。那些 token,人们很好奇,他们问一个问题,然后他们发现了一些东西,这真的可能改变人生。
**Lex Fridman:** Yeah, I actually asked, I gave these notes, I took extensive notes, and I gave them to Gemini, (chuckles) and said, "Can you ask a novel question that's not in these notes?" And it wrote, Gemini continues to really surprise me, really surprised me, it's been really beautiful, it's an incredible model. The question it generated was, "You," meaning Sundar, "Told the world Gemini's churning out 480 trillion tokens a month, what's the most life changing five-word sentence hiding in that haystack?" (Sundar laughing) That's a Gemini question. But it gave me a sense, I don't think you can answer that, but it woke me up to like, all of these tokens are providing little aha moments for people across the globe. So that's like learning. Those tokens, people are curious, they ask a question, and they find something out, and it truly could be life changing.
**Sundar Pichai:** 哦,确实是这样。你看,你知道,很多很多年前我对 Search 有同样的感觉。你知道,每月的 token 数在过去12个月里增长了50倍。
**Sundar Pichai:** Oh, it is. Look, you know, I had the same feeling about Search many, many years ago. You definitely, you know, the tokens per month has like grown 50 times in the last 12 months.
**Lex Fridman:** 顺便问一下,这个数据准确吗?
**Lex Fridman:** Is that accurate by the way?
**Sundar Pichai:** 是的,准确的。准确。我很高兴它答对了。但你知道,那个数字12个月前是每月9.7万亿个 token,对吧?现在涨到了480万亿,你知道,这是50倍的增长。所以人类的好奇心是没有极限的。我觉得这是那种时刻之一。也许,我不认为今天已经到了那一步,但也许有一天会有一个五个词的短语,告诉你宇宙到底是什么,或者类似的东西,一些非常有意义的东西。但我认为我们还没有到那一步。
**Sundar Pichai:** Yeah, it is. It is accurate. I'm glad it got it right. But you know, that number was 9.7 trillion tokens per month 12 months ago, right? It's gone up to 480, you know, it's a 50x increase. So there's no limit to human curiosity. And I think it's one of those moments. Maybe, I don't think it is there today, but maybe one day there's a five-word phrase which says what the actual universe is, or something like that, and something very meaningful. But I don't think we are quite there yet.
**Lex Fridman:** 你觉得 scaling laws 还在强劲地保持吗?有很多方式来描述 AI 的 scaling laws,但在 pre-training 方面,在 post-training 方面?所以反过来说,你预计 AI 进展会撞墙吗?有墙吗?
**Lex Fridman:** Do you think the scaling laws are holding strong, there's a lot of ways to describe the scaling laws for AI, but on the pre-training, on the post-training fronts? So the flip side of that, do you anticipate AI progress will hit a wall? Is there a wall?
**Sundar Pichai:** 你知道,这是一个珍贵的微型厨房对话,偶尔我会有这种对话,(Lex 大笑)但你知道,当 Demis 来访的时候,或者你知道,Demis、Koray、Jeff、Noam、Sergey,我们的一群人,你知道,我们坐下来聊这些事情,对吧?而且看,我们看到前面还有很大的空间,对吧?我觉得我们已经能够在所有方面进行优化和改进,对吧,pre-training、post-training、test time compute、工具使用,对吧,随着时间推移,让这些变得更加 agentic。所以让这些模型成为更通用的世界模型,朝着那个方向发展,比如 Veo 3,物理理解比 Veo 1 或类似的东西要好得多。所以你可以看到在所有这些维度上,我觉得,你知道,进展是非常明显的。我觉得还有显著的空间。更重要的是,你知道,我很幸运能和一些地球上最好的研究人员一起工作,对吧?他们认为这里还有更多空间可以挖掘,所以我觉得我们有一个令人兴奋的轨迹在前面。说每一年更难了,你知道,每年我都坐下来说,"好的,我们在接下来的一年里会投入10倍的计算量,然后,我们会看到进展吗?"坐在这里今天,我觉得接下来这一年会有很大的进展。
**Sundar Pichai:** You know, it's a cherished micro kitchen conversation once in a while I have it, (Lex laughing) but you know, like when Demis is visiting, or you know, Demis, Koray, Jeff, Noam, Sergey, a bunch of our people, like, you know, we sit and talk about this, right? And look, we see a lot of headroom ahead, right? I think we've been able to optimize and improve on all fronts, right, pre-training, post-training, test time compute, tool use, right, over time, making these more agentic. So getting these models to be more general world models in that direction, like Veo 3, the physics understanding is dramatically better than what Veo 1 or something like that was. So you kind of see on all those dimensions, I feel, you know, progress is very obvious to see. And I feel like there is significant headroom. More importantly, you know, I'm fortunate to work with some of the best researchers on the planet, right? They think there is more headroom to be had here, and so I think we have an exciting trajectory ahead. It's tougher to say, you know, each year I sit and say, "Okay, we are gonna throw 10x more compute over the course of next year, and like, will we see progress?" Sitting here today, I feel like the year ahead will have a lot of progress.
**Lex Fridman:** 你感受到任何限制吗,比如瓶颈,是算力受限、数据受限还是想法受限,你感受到这些限制中的任何一个吗,还是在所有方面全速前进?
**Lex Fridman:** And do you feel any limitations like that, or the bottlenecks, compute-limited, data-limited, idea-limited, do you feel any of those limitations, or is it full steam ahead on all fronts?
**Sundar Pichai:** 我觉得是算力受限的,在这个意义上,对吧,就像,你知道,你们看到我们做 Flash、Nano、Flash 和 Pro 模型,但没有 Ultra 模型的部分原因是,对于每一代,我们觉得我们已经能够让 Pro 模型达到 Ultra 能力的,我不知道,80%、90%,但 Ultra 会慢得多,而且服务成本高得多。但我们能做到的是去到下一代,让下一代的 Pro 和上一代的 Ultra 一样好。
**Sundar Pichai:** I think it's compute-limited in this sense, right, like, you know, part of the reason you've seen us do Flash, Nano, Flash, and Pro models, but not an Ultra model, it's like for each generation, we feel like we've been able to get the Pro model at like, I don't know, 80, 90% of Ultra's capability, but Ultra would be a lot more, like slow, and a lot more expensive to serve. But what we've been able to do is to go to the next generation and make the next generation's Pro as good as the previous generation's Ultra.
**Lex Fridman:** 是的。
**Lex Fridman:** Yeah.
**Sundar Pichai:** 但能够以一种快速的方式提供服务,你可以使用它等等。所以我确实认为 scaling laws 在起作用,但在任何给定时间,我们所有人最常用的模型可能落后于我们能提供的最大能力几个月,对吧?因为那个不会是最快的、最容易使用的,等等。
**Sundar Pichai:** But be able to serve it in a way that it's fast, and you can use it and so on. So I do think scaling laws are working, but it's tough to get, at any given time, the models we all use the most is maybe like a few months behind the maximum capability we can deliver, right? Because that won't be the fastest, easiest to use, et cetera.
**Lex Fridman:** 而且从智能的角度来说,衡量性能变得越来越难,加引号的。因为,你知道,你可以说 Gemini Flash 比 Pro 影响力大得多,就因为延迟。它已经超级智能了。我的意思是,有时候延迟可能比智能更重要,(笑)特别是当 Flash 的智能只是稍微低一点的时候,它仍然是一个令人难以置信的聪明模型。
**Lex Fridman:** Also that's in terms of intelligence, it becomes harder and harder to measure performance, in quotes. Because, you know, you could argue Gemini Flash is much more impactful than Pro, just because of the latency. It's super intelligent already. I mean, sometimes like latency is maybe more important than intelligence, (laughs) especially when the intelligence is just a little bit less in Flash, it's still an incredibly smart model.
**Sundar Pichai:** 是的。
**Sundar Pichai:** Yeah.
**Lex Fridman:** 所以你现在必须开始衡量影响力。然后感觉基准测试越来越无法捕捉模型的智能,模型的有效性,有用性,真实世界的有用性。另一个厨房问题。很多人在谈论 AGI 或 ASI,Artificial Super Intelligence 的时间线。所以 AGI,宽泛定义的话,基本上是在人类追求的许多主要领域达到人类专家水平。而 ASI 是 AGI 变成的东西,大概是很快地,通过能够自我改进。所以在所有学科上变得远远超越人类的智能。你觉得我们什么时候会有 AGI,2030年有可能吗?
**Lex Fridman:** And so you have to now start measuring impact. And then it feels like benchmarks are less and less capable of capturing the intelligence of models, the effectiveness of models, the usefulness, the real world usefulness of models. Another kitchen question. So, lots of folks are talking about timelines for AGI, or ASI, Artificial Super Intelligence. So AGI, loosely defined, is basically human expert level at a lot of the main fields of pursuit for humans. And ASI is what AGI becomes, presumably quickly, by being able to self-improve. So becoming far superior in intelligence across all disciplines than humans. When do you think we'll have AGI, is 2030 a possibility?
**Sundar Pichai:** 我们还应该加入另一个术语,我不知道谁先用的,也许是 Karpathy,AJI。你听说过 AJI 吗,Artificial Jagged Intelligence?有时候感觉就是那样,对吧,既有进展,你看到它们能做什么,然后你可以轻而易举地发现它们犯数字错误,或者,你知道,数 strawberry 里有几个 R 或者似乎会绊倒大多数模型的东西,或者不管是什么,对吧?所以也许我们应该把那个术语也加进来,我觉得我们处于 AJI 阶段,就是,巨大的进展,有些东西不太好用,但总体上,你知道,你看到了很多进展。但如果你的问题是,2030年之前会发生吗?看,我们不断地移动 AGI 的定义线。今天有些时刻,你知道,比如坐在旧金山街道上的 Waymo 里,有所有的人群和行人,然后它找到自己的路穿过去,我在那里看到了一些端倪。那辆车有时候有点不耐烦地试图找路,使用 Astra 的时候。比如在 Gemini Live 里,我们看到,你知道,关于世界的提问。
**Sundar Pichai:** There's one other term we should throw in there, I dunno who used it first, maybe Karpathy did, AJI. Have you have you heard AJI, the Artificial Jagged Intelligence? Sometimes feels that way, right, both there are progress and you see what they can do, and then like you can trivially find they make numerical errors, or like, you know, counting Rs in strawberry or something which seems to trip up most models, or whatever it is, right? So maybe we should throw that term in there, I feel like we are in the AJI phase, where like, dramatic progress, some things don't work well, but overall, you know, you're seeing lots of progress. But if your question is, will it happen by 2030? Look, we constantly move the line of what it means to be AGI. There are moments today, you know, like sitting in a Waymo in a San Francisco street, with all the crowds and the people, and kind of work its way through, I see glimpses of it there. The car is sometimes kind of impatient trying to work its way using Astra. Like in Gemini Live, we're seeing, you know, asking questions about the world.
**User:** 我家附近怎么会有这栋瘦长的建筑?
**User:** What's this skinny building doing in my neighborhood?
**Gemini:** 那是路灯,不是建筑。
**Gemini:** It's a streetlight, not a building.
**Sundar Pichai:** 你看到了端倪。这就是为什么我用 AJI 这个词,因为然后你看到一些东西,很明显,你知道,我们离 AGI 也还很远,所以你同时经历着两种体验。我会回答你的问题,但我也要说出这个,我几乎觉得这个术语不重要。我知道的是,到2030年,会有如此巨大的进展。我们将要应对那种进展的后果,无论是积极的,无论是正面的外部性还是负面的外部性,到2030年会以一种很大的方式出现。所以这一点,我强烈地感觉到。对吧,不管我们可能在争论这个术语,或者也许 Gemini 可以回答2030年那个时刻是什么,但我认为进展将是巨大的,对吧?所以这一点我相信。AI 会认为它在2030年之前达到了 AGI 吗?我会说我们将刚好不能达到那个时间线,对吧?所以我觉得还需要再久一点。很了不起的是,Google DeepMind 早期在2010年,他们谈到了一个20年的时间框架来实现 AGI,这看起来挺有意思。但是,你知道,对我来说,整个事情,看到 Google Brain 在2012年做的事情,以及我们在2014年收购 DeepMind 的时候,就在我们现在坐着的地方附近2012年的时候,你知道,Jeff Dean 展示了那张神经网络的图片,能够识别一张猫的照片,对吧,并且认出它,你知道,那是 Brain 的早期版本,对吧?所以,你知道,我们都谈论了大概几十年。我不认为我们会在2030年完全到达那里,所以我的感觉是稍微在那之后。但我想强调的是,这不重要,不管那个定义是什么,因为你将会在很多维度上看到令人瞠目的进展。也许 AI 可以创建视频。我们必须弄清楚,作为一个社会,我们需要某种系统,让我们都同意这是 AI 生成的,我们必须以某种方式披露它,因为否则你怎么区分现实?
**Sundar Pichai:** You see glimpses. That's why I use the word AJI, because then you see stuff which, obviously, you know, we are far from AGI too, so you have both experiences simultaneously happening to you. I'll answer your question, but I'll also throw out this, I almost feel the term doesn't matter. What I know is, by 2030, there'll be such dramatic progress. We'll be dealing with the consequences of that progress, both the positives, both the positive externalities and the negative externalities that come with it in a big way by 2030. So that, I strongly feel. Right, whatever we may be arguing about the term, or maybe Gemini can answer what that moment is in time in 2030, but I think the progress will be dramatic, right? So, that I believe in. Will the AI think it has reached AGI by 2030? I would say we will just fall short of that timeline, right? So I think it'll take a bit longer. It's amazing, in the early days of Google DeepMind in 2010, they talked about a 20-year timeframe to achieve AGI, which is kind of fascinating to see. But, you know, for me, the whole thing, seeing what Google Brain did in 2012, and when we acquired DeepMind in 2014, right close to where we are sitting in 2012, you know, Jeff Dean showed the image of the neural networks, could recognize a picture of a cat, right, and identify it, you know, there's the early versions of Brain, right? And so, you know, we all talked about couple decades. I don't think we'll quite get there by 2030, so my sense is it's slightly after that. But I would stress, it doesn't matter, like what that definition is, because you will have mind blowing progress on many dimensions. Maybe AI can create videos. We have to figure out, as a society, we need some system by which we all agree that this is AI-generated, and we have to disclose it in a certain way, because how do you distinguish reality otherwise?
**Lex Fridman:** 是的,你说了很多有意思的东西。首先,回顾这段最近的、现在感觉已经是遥远历史的事情,Google Brain,我的意思是,那是在 TensorFlow 之前,在 TensorFlow 公开开源之前。所以工具也很重要,加上 GitHub 分享代码的能力。然后你有 attention transformer 的想法,以及现在的 diffusion,然后可能会有一个新想法,回头看很简单,但会改变一切,那可能是 post-training,推理时的创新。我觉得 Shadcn 发推说 Google 只差一个好的 UI 就能完全赢得 AI 竞赛。(笑)意思是 UI 是其中很大的一部分,就像,那个智能怎样,我觉得 Logan Kilpatrick 喜欢谈这个,现在它是一个 LLM,但什么时候它会变成一个系统,你说的是交付系统而不是交付一个特定的模型?是的,那也很重要,系统如何体现自己,如何呈现给世界,那真的真的很重要。
**Lex Fridman:** Yeah, there's so many interesting things you said. So first of all, just looking back at this recent, now feels like distant history, with Google Brain, I mean, that was before TensorFlow, before TensorFlow was made public and open sourced. So the tooling matters too, combined with GitHub ability to share code. Then you have the ideas of attention transformers, and the diffusion now, and then there might be a new idea that seems simple in retrospect, but will change everything, and that could be the post-training, the inference time innovations. And I think Shadcn tweeted that Google is just one great UI from completely winning the AI race. (chuckles) Meaning like, UI is a huge part of it, like, how that intelligence, I think Logan Kilpatrick likes to talk about this, right now it's an LLM, but when is it gonna become a system, where you're talking about shipping systems versus shipping a particular model? Yeah, that matters too, how the system manifests itself and how it presents itself to the world, that really, really matters.
**Sundar Pichai:** 哦,非常重要。有一些简单的 UI 创新改变了世界,对吧?我绝对这样认为。我们将在接下来的几年里看到更多进展,因为我认为 AI 本身在 UI 本身上有一个自我改进的轨道。比如,你知道,今天,我们像是在约束模型,模型还不能完全用 UI 向人们表达自己。但那就像是,你知道,如果你想一想,我们某种程度上以那种方式把它们框住了,但鉴于这些模型能写代码,你知道,它们应该能够随着时间写出最好的界面来表达它们的想法,对吧?
**Sundar Pichai:** Oh, hugely so. There are simple UI innovations which have changed the world, right? And I absolutely think so. We will see a lot more progress in the next couple of years, as I think AI, itself, on a self-improving track for UI itself. Like, you know, today, we are like constraining the models, the models can't quite express themselves in terms of the UI too to people. But that is like, you know, if you think about it, we've kind of boxed them in that way, but given these models can code, you know, they should be able to write the best interfaces to express their ideas over time, right?
**Lex Fridman:** 这是一个令人难以置信的想法。所以它们的 API 已经开放了,所以你可以,(笑)你创建一个非常好的 agentic 系统,持续改进你与 AI 对话的方式。
**Lex Fridman:** That is an incredible idea. So those APIs are already open, so you can, (laughs) you create a really good agentic system, . So their APIs already open, so you can, (chuckles) you create a really nice agentic system that continuously improves the way you can be talking to an AI.
**Lex Fridman:** 是的。
**Lex Fridman:** Yeah.
**Sundar Pichai:** 但很多是界面的问题,然后当然还有 Google 一直在推动的令人难以置信的多模态界面方面。
**Sundar Pichai:** But a lot of that is the interface, and then of course the incredible multimodal aspect of the interface that Google has been pushing. These models are natively multimodal, they can easily take content from any format, put it in any format. They can write a good user interface. They probably understand your preferences better over time. Like, you know? And so all this is like the evolution ahead, right? And so it goes back to where we started the conversation, like, I think there'll be dramatic evolutions in the years ahead.
**Lex Fridman:** 这些模型是原生多模态的,它们可以很容易地从任何格式获取内容,以任何格式输出。它们可以写出好的用户界面。它们可能随着时间更好地理解你的偏好。比如,你知道?所以所有这些就是未来的演进方向,对吧?所以它回到了我们开始对话的地方,就是,我觉得在未来几年会有巨大的演进。
**Lex Fridman:** Maybe one more kitchen question. This even further ridiculous concept of p doom. So the philosophically-minded folks in the AI community think about the probability that AGI, and then ASI, might destroy all of human civilization. I would say my p doom is about 10%. Do you ever think about this kind of long-term threat of ASI, and what would your p doom be?
**Sundar Pichai:** 也许再一个厨房问题。这个更加荒谬的概念 p doom。所以 AI 社区中那些有哲学思维的人会思考 AGI、然后 ASI 可能摧毁所有人类文明的概率。我会说我的 p doom 大概是10%。你有没有想过 ASI 的这种长期威胁,你的 p doom 是多少?
**Sundar Pichai:** Look, I mean, for sure, look, I've both been very excited about AI, but I've always felt this is a technology, you know, you have to actively think about the risks and work very, very hard to harness it in a way that it all works out well. On the p doom question, look it won't surprise you to say that's probably another micro kitchen conversation that pops up once in a while, right? And given how powerful the technology is, maybe stepping back, you know, when you're running a large organization, if you can kind of align the incentives of the organization, you can achieve pretty much anything, right? Like, you know, if you can get kind of people all marching towards like a goal in a very focused way, in a mission-driven way, you can pretty much achieve anything. But it's very tough to organize all of humanity that way. But I think if p doom is actually high, at some point all of humanity is like aligned in making sure that's not the case, right? And so we'll actually make more progress against it, I think. So the irony is there is a self-modulating aspect there. Like I think if humanity collectively puts their mind to solving a problem, whatever it is, I think we can get there. So because of that, you know, I think I'm optimistic on the p doom scenarios, I think the underlying risk is actually pretty high, but, you know, I have a lot of faith in humanity kind of rising up to meet that moment.
**Lex Fridman:** 看,我的意思是,当然,看,我一直对 AI 很兴奋,但我一直觉得这是一项技术,你知道,你必须积极地思考风险,非常非常努力地工作来驾驭它,使一切都朝好的方向发展。关于 p doom 的问题,看,你不会惊讶我说这可能是另一个偶尔在微型厨房里出现的对话,对吧?鉴于这项技术有多强大,也许退一步,你知道,当你经营一个大型组织时,如果你能让组织的激励对齐,你几乎可以实现任何事情,对吧?比如,你知道,如果你能让人们都朝着一个目标以非常专注的方式、以使命驱动的方式前进,你几乎可以实现任何事情。但要把全人类都那样组织起来非常困难。但我认为如果 p doom 实际上很高,在某个时刻全人类都会在确保那种情况不会发生上达成一致,对吧?所以我们实际上会在这方面取得更多进展,我想。所以讽刺的是这里有一个自我调节的方面。就是我认为如果人类集体决心去解决一个问题,不管是什么问题,我觉得我们可以做到。所以因为那个,你知道,我觉得我对 p doom 的情况是乐观的,我觉得底层风险实际上相当高,但是,你知道,我对人类能够挺身而出迎接那个时刻有很大的信心。
**Lex Fridman:** That's really, really well put. I mean, as the threat becomes more concrete and real, humans do really come together and get their shit together. Well, the other thing I think people don't often talk about is probability of doom without AI. So there's all these other ways that humans can destroy themselves, and it's very possible, at least I believe so, that AI will help us become smarter, kinder to each other, more efficient, it'll help more parts of the world flourish where it would be less resource-constrained, which is often the source of military conflict and tensions and so on. So we also have to load into that, what's the p doom without AI? p doom with AI, p doom without AI. 'Cause it's very possible that AI will be the thing that saves us, saves human civilizations from all the other threats.
**Sundar Pichai:** 说得非常非常好。我的意思是,当威胁变得更具体和真实的时候,人类确实会团结起来把事情搞定。嗯,另一件我觉得人们不常谈到的事情是没有 AI 的末日概率。所以有所有这些其他方式人类可以自我毁灭,而且很有可能,至少我相信是这样,AI 会帮助我们变得更聪明,对彼此更友善,更高效,它会帮助世界上更多地方繁荣发展,这些地方资源约束会更少,而资源约束通常是军事冲突和紧张局势的根源。所以我们也必须把这个考虑进去,没有 AI 的 p doom 是多少?有 AI 的 p doom,没有 AI 的 p doom。因为很有可能 AI 会是拯救我们的东西,拯救人类文明免受所有其他威胁。
**Sundar Pichai:** I agree with you. I think it's insightful. Look, I felt like to make progress on some of the toughest problems, would be good to have AI there helping you, right? And so that resonates with me for sure, yeah.
**Lex Fridman:** 我同意你的看法。我觉得这很有洞察力。看,我觉得要在一些最艰难的问题上取得进展,有 AI 在那里帮助你会很好,对吧?所以这和我的想法产生共鸣,是的。
**Lex Fridman:** Quick pause. Bathroom break?
**Sundar Pichai:** 快速暂停。去一下洗手间?
**Sundar Pichai:** All right. (laughs)
**Lex Fridman:** 好的。(笑)
**Lex Fridman:** All right, let's do that. (laughs) If Notebook LM was the same, like what I saw today with Beam, if it was compelling in the same kind of way? Blew my mind. It was incredible. I didn't think it's possible. It didn't think-
**Sundar Pichai:** 好的,我们就那样做吧。(笑)如果 Notebook LM 跟我今天看到的 Beam 一样,如果它以同样的方式那么引人注目的话?太让我震惊了。太不可思议了。我没想到那是可能的。它也没想到——
**Sundar Pichai:** Can you imagine like, the U.S. President or the Chinese President being able to do something like Beam, with the live meet translation working well? So they're both sitting and talking, make progress a bit more? (chuckles)
**Lex Fridman:** 你能想象吗,美国总统或者中国国家主席能够做类似 Beam 的事情,实时会议翻译运行良好?这样他们两个都坐着交谈,多一些进展?(笑)
**Lex Fridman:** Yeah, just for people listening, took a quick bathroom break, and now we're talking about the demo I did. We'll probably post it somewhere, somehow, maybe here. I got a chance to experience Beam, and it was, it's hard to describe it in words how real it felt with just, what is it, six cameras? It's incredible. It's incredible.
**Sundar Pichai:** 是的,对正在听的人来说,我们快速去了趟洗手间,现在我们在谈论我做过的演示。我们可能会在某个地方发布它,也许在这里。我有机会体验了 Beam,这很难用语言描述它有多真实,就用,那是什么,六个摄像头?太不可思议了。太不可思议了。
**Sundar Pichai:** It's one of the toughest products of, you can't quite describe it to people, even when we show it in slides, et cetera, like you don't know what it is. You have to kind of experience it.
**Lex Fridman:** 它是最难介绍的产品之一,你没法真正向人描述它,即使我们在幻灯片里展示它等等,你不知道它是什么。你必须亲自体验它。
**Lex Fridman:** On the world leaders front, on politics, geopolitics, there's something really special, again, with studying World War II, and how much could have been saved if Chamberlain met Stalin in-person. And I sometimes also struggle explaining to people, articulating why I believe meeting in-person for world leaders is powerful. It just seems naive to say that, but there is something there in-person. And with Beam, I felt that same thing, and then I'm unable to explain, all I kept doing is what like a child does. You look real. (laughs) You know? And, I mean, I don't know if that makes meetings more productive or so on, but it certainly makes them more, the same reason you wanna show up to work versus remote sometimes, that human connection. I don't know what that is, it's hard to put into words. There's something beautiful about great teams collaborating on a thing that's not captured by the productivity of that team, or by whatever on paper. Some of the most beautiful moments you experience in life is at work. Pursuing a difficult thing together for many months?
**Sundar Pichai:** 在世界领导人方面,在政治、地缘政治方面,有一些真的很特别的东西,同样的,研究二战的时候,有多少事情如果 Chamberlain 亲自见了 Stalin 就能挽回。而且我有时候也很难向人解释,表达为什么我相信世界领导人亲自见面是有力量的。说出来好像很天真,但亲自见面确实有些东西。而 Beam,我感受到了同样的东西,然后我没法解释,我一直做的就是像小孩一样的事情。你看起来好真实。(笑)你知道?而且,我不知道这是否让会议更有成效或者什么,但它肯定让它们更——就像你有时候想亲自去上班而不是远程的同样原因,那种人与人的连接。我不知道那是什么,很难用言语表达。优秀的团队一起合作一件事情,有一些美好的东西,不是被那个团队的生产力所捕捉的,或者不是纸面上的什么东西。你在生活中经历的一些最美好的时刻是在工作中。一起追求一件困难的事情好几个月?
**Sundar Pichai:** Oh.
**Lex Fridman:** 哦。
**Lex Fridman:** There's nothing like it.
**Sundar Pichai:** 没有什么能比得上。
**Sundar Pichai:** You're in the trenches, and you do form bonds that way.
**Lex Fridman:** 你在战壕里,你确实会那样建立纽带。
**Lex Fridman:** For sure. And to be able to do that, like somewhat a remotely, and that same personal touch? I don't know, that's a deeply fulfilling thing. I know a lot of people, I personally hate meetings, because a significant of meetings, when done poorly, don't serve a clear purpose. But that's a meeting problem, that's not a communication problem. If you could improve the communication for the meetings that are useful, that's just incredible. So yeah, I was blown away by the great engineering behind it, and then we get to see what impact that has. That's really interesting, but just incredible engineering, really impressive.
**Sundar Pichai:** 当然。而且能够那样做,像是某种程度上远程地,有同样的个人触感?我不知道,那是一件非常令人满足的事情。我知道很多人,我个人讨厌开会,因为相当多的会议,当做得不好的时候,没有明确的目的。但那是一个会议问题,不是沟通问题。如果你能为那些有用的会议改善沟通,那简直太不可思议了。所以是的,我被其背后伟大的工程所震撼,然后我们会看到它产生什么影响。真的很有趣,但就是不可思议的工程,非常令人印象深刻。
**Sundar Pichai:** No, it is. And obviously we'll work hard over the years to make it more and more accessible. But yeah, even on a personal front outside of work meetings, you know, a grandmother who's far away from her grandchild, and being able to, you know, have that kind of an interaction, right, all that I think will end up being very meaningful. Nothing substitutes being in-person, but, you know, it's not always possible, you could be a soldier deployed, trying to talk to your loved ones. You know? So that's what inspires us.
**Lex Fridman:** 不,确实是。而且显然我们会在未来几年努力让它越来越容易获得。但是,即使在个人层面,工作会议之外,你知道,一个远离孙辈的祖母,能够,你知道,有那种互动,对吧,所有这些我觉得最终都会非常有意义。没有什么能替代亲自到场,但是,你知道,这并不总是可能的,你可能是一个被派驻的士兵,试图和你所爱的人说话。你知道?所以这是激励我们的东西。
**Lex Fridman:** When you and I hung out last year and took a walk, I remember, I don't think we talked about this, (chuckles) but I remember, you know, outside of that, seeing dozens of articles written by analysts and experts and so on, that Sundar Pichai should step down. Because the perception was that Google was definitively losing the AI race, has lost its magic touch in the rapidly-evolving technological landscape. And now a year later, it's crazy, you showed this plot of all the things that were shipped over the past year. It's incredible. And Gemini Pro is winning across many benchmarks and products as we sit here today. So take me through that experience, when there's all these articles saying, "You're the wrong guy to lead Google through this, Google's lost, it's done, it's over," to today, where Google is winning again. What were some low points during that time?
**Sundar Pichai:** 当你和我去年一起出去散步的时候,我记得,我不觉得我们谈过这个,(笑)但我记得,你知道,在那之外,看到了数十篇分析师和专家等等写的文章,说 Sundar Pichai 应该下台。因为人们的认知是 Google 在 AI 竞赛中已经确定性地输了,在快速发展的技术格局中已经失去了它的魔力。而现在一年后,太疯狂了,你展示了过去一年所有被交付的东西的图表。太不可思议了。而且 Gemini Pro 在很多基准测试和产品上正在赢得胜利,就像我们今天坐在这里。所以带我回顾一下那段经历,当所有这些文章都在说,"你是带领 Google 度过这一关的错误人选,Google 输了,完了,结束了,"到今天,Google 又在赢了。那段时间有什么低谷时刻吗?
**Sundar Pichai:** Look, I mean, lots to unpack, you know, obviously, like, the main bet I made as a CEO was to really make sure the company was approaching everything in a AI-first way, really, you know, setting ourselves up to develop AGI responsibly, right, and make sure we are putting out products which embodies that, things that are very, very useful for people. So look, I knew, even through moments like that last year, you know, I had a good sense of what we were building internally, right? So I'd already made, you know, many important decisions, you know, bringing together teams of the caliber of Brain, and DeepMind, and setting up Google DeepMind. There were things like, we made the decision to invest in TPUs 10 years ago. So we knew we were scaling up and building big models. Anytime you're in a situation like that, a few aspects, I'm good at tuning out noise, right, separating signal from noise. Do you scuba dive? Like, have you?
**Lex Fridman:** 看,我的意思是,有很多要展开讲的,你知道,显然,作为 CEO 我做的主要赌注是真正确保公司以 AI 优先的方式来对待一切,真正地,你知道,让我们做好准备来负责任地开发 AGI,对吧,并确保我们推出的产品体现了这一点,对人们非常非常有用的东西。所以看,我知道,即使在去年那些时刻里,你知道,我对我们内部正在构建什么有很好的感觉,对吧?所以我已经做出了,你知道,很多重要的决定,你知道,把 Brain 和 DeepMind 这种水平的团队聚集在一起,成立 Google DeepMind。有些事情比如,我们在10年前做出了投资 TPU 的决定。所以我们知道我们在扩大规模和构建大模型。任何时候你处于那种情况下,几个方面,我很擅长过滤噪音,对吧,把信号和噪音分开。你潜水吗?你有吗?
**Lex Fridman:** No. You know, it's amazing, like, I'm not good at it, but I've done it a few times. But sometimes you jump in the ocean, it's so choppy, but you go down one feet under, it's the calmest thing in the entire universe, right?
**Sundar Pichai:** 没有。你知道,很有意思,我不擅长,但我做过几次。但有时候你跳进海里,表面很波涛汹涌,但你往下一英尺,那是整个宇宙中最平静的东西,对吧?
**Sundar Pichai:** So there's a version of that, right? Like, you know, running Google, you know, you may as well be coaching Barcelona or Rio Madrid, right?
**Lex Fridman:** 所以有那种版本,对吧?比如,你知道,运营 Google,你知道,你还不如是在执教 Barcelona 或者 Real Madrid,对吧?
**Lex Fridman:** Yeah. (laughs)
**Sundar Pichai:** 是的。(笑)
**Sundar Pichai:** Like, you know, you have a bad season. So there are aspects to that. But you know, like, look, I'm good at tuning out the noise. I do watch out for signals, you know, it's important to separate the signal from the noise, so there are good people sometimes making good points outside, so you wanna listen to it, you want to take that feedback in. But you know, internally, like, you know, you are making a set of consequential decisions. Right, as leaders, you're making a lot of decisions. Many of them are like inconsequential, like it feels like, but over time you learn that most of the decisions you're making on a day-to-day basis doesn't matter. Like, you have to make them, and you're making them just to keep things moving. But you have to make a few consequential decisions, right? And we had set up the right teams, right leaders, we had world class researchers, we were training Gemini. Internally, there are factors which were, for example, outside people may not have appreciated, I mean, TPUs are amazing, but we had to ramp up TPUs too. That took time, right, to scale actually having enough TPUs to get the compute needed. But I could see, internally, the trajectory we were on, and, you know, I was so excited internally about the possibility. To me, this moment felt like one of the biggest opportunities ahead for us as a company. The opportunity space ahead over the next decade, next 20 years, is bigger than what has happened in the past. And I thought we were set up, like better than most companies in the world, to go realize that vision.
**Lex Fridman:** 比如,你知道,你有一个糟糕的赛季。所以有那些方面。但你知道,看,我很擅长过滤噪音。我确实注意信号,你知道,把信号从噪音中分离出来很重要,所以有时候外面有好的人在提好的观点,所以你想听,你想接受那些反馈。但你知道,内部,你知道,你在做一系列重大决策。对吧,作为领导者,你在做很多决定。其中很多像是不重要的,就像感觉那样,但随着时间你学到你日常做的大部分决定不重要。你必须做它们,你做它们只是为了让事情继续运转。但你必须做少数几个重大决定,对吧?而且我们已经建立了正确的团队、正确的领导者,我们有世界级的研究人员,我们在训练 Gemini。内部,有一些因素是,比如,外面的人可能没有意识到的,我的意思是,TPU 很棒,但我们也需要扩大 TPU 产能。那需要时间,对吧,实际上扩大到有足够的 TPU 来获得所需的计算。但我能看到,内部,我们所在的轨迹,而且,你知道,我对内部的可能性非常兴奋。对我来说,这一刻感觉像是我们公司面前最大的机会之一。未来十年、二十年的机会空间比过去发生的更大。我觉得我们的准备,比世界上大多数公司都更好,去实现那个愿景。
**Lex Fridman:** I mean, you had to make some consequential, bold decisions, like you mentioned the merger of DeepMind and Brain. Maybe it's my perspective, just knowing humans, I'm sure there's a lot of egos involved, it's very difficult to merge teams, and I'm sure there were some hard decisions to be made. Can you take me through your process of how you think through that, do you go to pull the trigger and make that decision? Maybe what were some painful points, how do you navigate those turbulent waters?
**Sundar Pichai:** 我的意思是,你必须做出一些重大的、大胆的决定,比如你提到的合并 DeepMind 和 Brain。也许是我的视角,只是了解人性,我确信涉及很多自尊心,合并团队非常困难,我确信有一些艰难的决定要做。你能带我回顾一下你是怎么思考那个问题的吗,你怎么去下决心做出那个决定?也许有哪些痛苦的点,你是怎么驾驭那些动荡水域的?
**Sundar Pichai:** Look, we were fortunate to have two world class teams, but you're right, it's like somebody coming and telling to you, take Stanford and MIT.
**Lex Fridman:** 看,我们很幸运有两个世界级的团队,但你说得对,这就像有人来跟你说,拿 Stanford 和 MIT。
**Lex Fridman:** Right.
**Sundar Pichai:** 对。
**Sundar Pichai:** And then put them together and create a great department, right? And easier said than done. But we were fortunate, you know? Phenomenal teams, both had their strengths, you know, they were run very differently. Right, like Brain was kind of a lot of diverse projects, bottoms up, and out of it came a lot of important research breakthroughs. DeepMind, at the time, had a strong vision of how you wanna build AGI, and so they were pursuing their direction. But I think through those moments, luckily tapping into, you know, Jeff had expressed a desire to be more, to go back to more of a scientific individual contributor roots. You know, he felt like management was taking up too much of his time. And Demis, naturally, I think, you know, was running DeepMind, and was a natural choice there. But I think it was, you are right, you know, it took us a while to bring the teams together, credit to Demis, Jeff, Koray, all the great people there, they worked super hard to combine the best of both worlds, when you set up that team. A few sleepless nights here and there, as we put that thing together. We were patient in how we did it so that it works well for the long term, right? And some of that in that moment, I think, yes, with things moving fast, I think you definitely felt the pressure, but I think we pulled off that transition well, and, you know, I think they're obviously doing incredible work, and there's a lot more incredible things ahead coming from them.
**Lex Fridman:** 然后把它们放在一起创建一个伟大的部门,对吧?说起来容易做起来难。但我们很幸运,你知道?非凡的团队,两者都有各自的优势,你知道,它们的运行方式非常不同。对吧,Brain 像是很多多样化的项目,自下而上的,从中产生了很多重要的研究突破。DeepMind,当时有一个关于如何构建 AGI 的强烈愿景,所以他们在追求自己的方向。但我觉得在那些时刻里,幸运地利用了,你知道,Jeff 表达了一个想回到更科学的个人贡献者根源的愿望。你知道,他觉得管理工作占用了太多时间。而 Demis,自然地,我觉得,你知道,一直在运营 DeepMind,是那里的自然选择。但我觉得是,你说得对,你知道,我们花了一段时间把团队合在一起,功劳归于 Demis、Jeff、Koray,所有那里的伟大人物,他们非常努力地把两个世界最好的东西结合在一起,当你建立那个团队的时候。这里那里几个失眠的夜晚,当我们把那个事情拼在一起的时候。我们在做的方式上很有耐心,以便长期能运作得好,对吧?其中一些在那个时刻里,我觉得,是的,事情发展很快,我觉得你肯定感受到了压力,但我觉得我们很好地完成了那个过渡,而且,你知道,我觉得他们显然在做令人难以置信的工作,还有更多令人难以置信的东西会从他们那里出来。
**Lex Fridman:** Like we talked about, you have a very calm, even-tempered, respectful demeanor. During that time, whether it's the merger, or just dealing with the noise, were there times where frustration boiled over? Like, did you have to go a bit more intense on everybody than you usually would?
**Sundar Pichai:** 就像我们谈到的,你有一种非常冷静、平和、尊重他人的风格。在那段时间里,无论是合并还是应对噪音,有没有挫折感爆发的时候?比如,你有没有不得不对所有人比平时更激烈一些?
**Sundar Pichai:** Probably, you know? Probably. I think in the sense that, you know, there was a moment where we were all driving hard, but when you're in the trenches, working with passion, you're gonna have days, right, you disagree, you argue. But like all that, I mean, just par of the course of working intensely, right? And, you know, at the end of the day, all of us are doing what we are doing because the impact it can have, we are motivated by it, it's like, you know, for many of us, this has been a long-term journey, and so it's been super exciting. The positive moments far outweigh the kind of stressful moments. Just early this year, I had a chance to celebrate back to back over two days, like, you know, Nobel Prize for Geoff Hinton, and the next day, a Nobel Prize for Demis and John Jumper. You know, you worked with people like that, all that is super inspiring.
**Lex Fridman:** 可能有吧,你知道?可能有。我觉得在这个意义上,你知道,有一个时刻我们所有人都在拼命推进,但当你在战壕里,带着热情工作的时候,你会有那种日子,对吧,你不同意,你争论。但那一切,我的意思是,只是紧张工作的家常便饭,对吧?而且,你知道,归根结底,我们所有人做我们正在做的事情是因为它可能产生的影响,我们被它激励,就像,你知道,对我们很多人来说,这是一个长期的旅程,所以一直很令人兴奋。积极的时刻远远多于那种压力的时刻。就在今年初,我有机会连续两天庆祝,就是,你知道,Geoff Hinton 的诺贝尔奖,然后第二天,Demis 和 John Jumper 的诺贝尔奖。你知道,你跟那样的人一起工作,所有那些都超级鼓舞人心。
**Lex Fridman:** Is there something like with you, where you had to like, put your foot down maybe with less, versus more, or like, "I'm the CEO, and we're doing this."
**Sundar Pichai:** 有没有什么像你这样的情况,你不得不,比如说,坚定立场,也许用更少而不是更多的方式,或者,"我是 CEO,我们就这么做。"
**Sundar Pichai:** To my earlier point about consequential decisions you make, there are decisions you make people can disagree pretty vehemently. But at some point, like, you know, you make a clear decision, and you just ask people to commit, right? Like, you know, you can disagree, but it's time to disagree and commit so that we can get moving. And whether it's put putting the foot down, or, you know, it's a natural part of what all of us have to do. And, you know, I think you can do that calmly, and be very firm in the direction you are making the decision. And I think if you're clear, actually people over time respect that, right? Like, you know, if you can make decisions with clarity. I find it very effective in meetings where you're making such decisions to hear everyone out. I think it's important, when you can, to hear everyone out. Sometimes what you're hearing actually influences how you think about it, and you're wrestling with it, and making a decision. Sometimes you have a clear conviction, and you state so, "Look, this is how I feel, and this is my conviction." And you kind of place the bet, and you move on.
**Lex Fridman:** 回到我之前关于你做的重大决定的观点,有些决定你做了人们可以相当强烈地反对。但到了某个时刻,你知道,你做出一个明确的决定,然后你只是要求人们执行,对吧?就像,你知道,你可以不同意,但现在是不同意但执行的时候了,这样我们才能前进。不管这是坚定立场,还是,你知道,这是我们所有人都必须做的自然部分。而且,你知道,我觉得你可以冷静地做到这一点,并且对你做出的决定方向非常坚定。我觉得如果你很清晰,实际上人们随着时间会尊重那个,对吧?就像,你知道,如果你能清晰地做决策。我发现在你做这样决策的会议上,听取每个人的意见非常有效。我觉得这很重要,当你可以的时候,听取每个人的意见。有时候你听到的东西实际上影响了你的思考方式,你在纠结它,然后做出决定。有时候你有一个清晰的信念,你就说出来,"看,这是我的感受,这是我的信念。"然后你下注,继续前进。
**Lex Fridman:** Are there big decisions like that? I kind of intuitively assumed the merger was the big one.
**Sundar Pichai:** 有这样的大决定吗?我有点直觉地假设合并是最大的那个。
**Sundar Pichai:** I think that was a very important decision, you know, for the company. To meet the moment, I think we had to make sure we were doing that and doing that well. I think that was a consequential decision. There were many other things. We set up a AI infrastructure team, like, to really go meet the moment, to scale up the compute we needed to, and really brought teams from disparate parts of the company, kind of created it to move forward. You know, bringing people, like getting people to kind of work together physically, both in London, with DeepMind, and what we call Gradient Canopy, which is where the Mountain View Google DeepMind teams are. But one of my favorite moments is, I routinely walk, multiple times per week, to the Gradient Canopy building, where our top researchers are working on the models. Sergey is often there amongst them, right? (Lex laughing) Like, you know, just looking at, getting an update on the model, seeing loss curves. So, all that, I think that cultural part of getting the teams together back with that energy I think ended up playing a big role too.
**Lex Fridman:** 我觉得那是一个非常重要的决定,你知道,对公司来说。为了迎接这个时刻,我觉得我们必须确保我们在做那件事并且做好。我觉得那是一个重大决定。还有很多其他的事情。我们建立了一个 AI 基础设施团队,像是真正地去迎接这个时刻,去扩大我们需要的计算规模,真正地把公司不同部分的团队聚集在一起,某种程度上创建它来向前推进。你知道,让人们,让人们能够在物理上一起工作,无论是在伦敦的 DeepMind,还是我们叫做 Gradient Canopy 的地方,就是 Mountain View 的 Google DeepMind 团队所在地。但我最喜欢的时刻之一是,我经常走路,每周很多次,去 Gradient Canopy 那栋楼,我们的顶级研究人员在那里研究模型。Sergey 经常在他们中间,对吧?(Lex 大笑)就像,你知道,只是看看,获取模型的更新,看 loss curves。所以,所有那些,我觉得那个让团队聚在一起并带着那种能量的文化部分,我觉得最终也发挥了很大的作用。
**Lex Fridman:** What about the decision to recently add AI Mode? So Google Search is, as they say, the front page of the internet, it's like a legendary, minimalist thing with 10 blue links. Like, when people think internet, they think that page, and now you're starting to mess with that. So the AI Mode, which is a separate tab, and then integrating AI in the results. I'm sure there were some battles in meetings on that one. (chuckles softly)
**Sundar Pichai:** 那么最近添加 AI Mode 的决定呢?Google Search 是,正如他们所说的,互联网的首页,它像是一个传奇的、极简主义的东西,有10个蓝色链接。当人们想到互联网的时候,他们想到那个页面,而现在你开始动那个了。所以 AI Mode,是一个单独的标签页,然后把 AI 集成到搜索结果中。我确信在会议上有一些争论。(轻声笑)
**Sundar Pichai:** Look, in some ways when mobile came, you know, people wanted answers to more questions, so we're kind of constantly evolving it. But you're right this moment, you know, that evolution, because the underlying technology is becoming much more capable. You know, you can have AI give a lot of context. You know? But one of our important design goals though, is when you come to Google Search, you are going to get a lot of context, but you're gonna go and find a lot of things out on the web. So that will be true in AI mode, in AI overviews, and so on. But I think, to our earlier conversation, we're still giving you access to links, but think of the AI as a layer which is giving you context, summary. Maybe in AI mode, you can have a dialogue with it back and forth on your journey, right? But through it all, you're kind of learning what's out there in the world. So those core principles don't change, but I think AI Mode allows us to push, we have our best models there, right, models that are using search as a deep tool, really for every query you're asking, kind of fanning out, doing multiple searches, like kind of assembling that knowledge in a way so you can go and consume what you want to, right? And that's how we think about it.
**Lex Fridman:** 看,在某些方面当移动端来的时候,你知道,人们想要更多问题的答案,所以我们某种程度上一直在不断地演进它。但你说得对这个时刻,你知道,那个演进,因为底层技术变得更加强大。你知道,你可以让 AI 给出很多上下文。你知道?但我们的一个重要设计目标是,当你来到 Google Search 的时候,你会得到很多上下文,但你会去在网上发现很多东西。所以这在 AI mode、AI overviews 等等中都会是这样。但我觉得,回到我们之前的对话,我们仍然给你链接的访问,但把 AI 想象成一个层,给你上下文、摘要。也许在 AI mode 里,你可以跟它来回对话,在你的旅程中,对吧?但在整个过程中,你某种程度上在学习外面世界有什么。所以那些核心原则不变,但我觉得 AI Mode 让我们推进,我们在那里有我们最好的模型,对吧,模型把搜索作为一个深度工具使用,真正地对你问的每个查询,某种程度上展开,做多次搜索,某种程度上以一种方式组装那些知识,这样你可以去消费你想要的东西,对吧?这就是我们的思考方式。
**Lex Fridman:** I got a chance to listen to a bunch of Elizabeth, Liz Reid, describe this.
**Sundar Pichai:** 我有机会听 Elizabeth,Liz Reid,描述这些。
**Sundar Pichai:** Yeah.
**Lex Fridman:** 是的。
**Lex Fridman:** Two things stood out to me that you mentioned. One thing is what you were talking about is the query fan out, which I didn't even think about before, is the powerful aspect of integrating a bunch of stuff on the web for you in one place. So that, yes, it provides that context so that you can decide which page to then go onto. The other really, really big thing speaks to the earlier, in terms of productivity multiplier that we're talking about that you mentioned was language. So one of the things you don't quite understand is, through AI Mode, for non-English speakers, you make sort of, let's say English language websites accessible, but in the reasoning process, as you've tried to figure out what you're looking for, of course, once you show up to a page, you can use a basic translate.
**Sundar Pichai:** 有两件事让我印象深刻,你提到的。一件是你说的 query fan out,我之前甚至没想到过,就是把网上的一堆东西整合到一个地方给你的强大方面。所以那个,是的,它提供了那个上下文让你可以决定接下来去哪个页面。另一个真的真的很大的事情,说到之前我们谈到的生产力倍增器,你提到的是语言。所以你不太理解的一件事是,通过 AI Mode,对于非英语使用者,你让,比方说英语网站变得可访问,但在推理过程中,当你试图弄清楚你在找什么的时候,当然,一旦你到了一个页面,你可以用基本的翻译。
**Sundar Pichai:** Yeah.
**Lex Fridman:** 是的。
**Lex Fridman:** But that process of figuring it out, if you empathize with a large part of the world that doesn't speak English, their like, web, is much smaller in that original language. And so it, again, unlocks that huge cognitive capacity there. You know, you take for granted here, with all the bloggers and the journalists writing about AI Mode, you forget that this now unlocks, because Gemini is really good at translation.
**Sundar Pichai:** 但那个弄清楚的过程,如果你对世界上很大一部分不说英语的人产生共情,他们的,网络,在那个原始语言中要小得多。所以它,再次,解锁了那里巨大的认知能力。你知道,你在这里把它视为理所当然,所有的博主和记者在写关于 AI Mode 的文章,你忘了这现在解锁了,因为 Gemini 在翻译方面真的很好。
**Sundar Pichai:** No, it is. I mean, the multimodality, the translation, its ability to reason, we're dramatically improving tool use. So putting that power in the flow of Search, I think, look, I'm super excited with the AI overviews, we've seen the product has gotten much better, you know, we measured using all kinds of user metrics. It's obviously driven strong growth of the product. And, you know, we've been testing AI Mode, you know, it's now in the hands of millions of people, and the early metrics are very encouraging. So look, I'm excited about this next chapter of Search.
**Lex Fridman:** 不,确实是。我的意思是,多模态、翻译、它的推理能力,我们正在极大地改进工具使用。所以把那种力量放在 Search 的流程中,我觉得,看,我对 AI overviews 超级兴奋,我们已经看到产品变得好了很多,你知道,我们用各种用户指标来衡量。它显然推动了产品的强劲增长。而且,你知道,我们一直在测试 AI Mode,你知道,它现在已经到了数百万人手中,早期指标非常令人鼓舞。所以看,我对 Search 的这个新篇章很兴奋。
**Lex Fridman:** F or people who are not thinking through or aware of this, so there's the 10 blue links, with the AI overview on top that provides a nice summarization, you can expand it.
**Sundar Pichai:** 对于那些没有思考过或不了解这些的人,有10个蓝色链接,上面有 AI overview 提供一个不错的总结,你可以展开它。
**Sundar Pichai:** And you have sources and links now embedded.
**Lex Fridman:** 而且你现在有来源和链接嵌入在里面。
**Lex Fridman:** I believe, at least Liz said so, I actually didn't notice it, but there's ads in the AI Overview also. I don't think there's ads in AI Mode. When ads in AI Mode? (chuckles) So, when do you think, I mean, okay, we should say that, in the '90s, I remember the animated gifs, banner gifs that take you to some shady websites that have nothing to do with anything. AdSense revolutionized advertisement, it's one of the greatest inventions in recent history, because it allows us, for free, to have access to all these kinds of services. So ads fuel a lot of really powerful services. And, at its best, it's showing you relevant ads, but also very importantly, in a way that's not super annoying. Right? In a classy way. So when do you think it's possible to add ads into AI Mode? And what does that look like from a classy, non-annoying perspective?
**Sundar Pichai:** 我相信,至少 Liz 是这么说的,我实际上没注意到,但 AI Overview 里面也有广告。我不觉得 AI Mode 里有广告。什么时候在 AI Mode 里放广告?(笑)那么,你觉得什么时候,我是说,好吧,我们应该说,在90年代,我记得那些动画 gif,横幅 gif 带你去一些跟任何东西都无关的可疑网站。AdSense 彻底改变了广告,它是近代史上最伟大的发明之一,因为它让我们免费地获得所有这些服务。所以广告为很多真正强大的服务提供了燃料。而且,在最好的情况下,它给你展示相关的广告,但也很重要的是,以一种不太烦人的方式。对吧?以一种有格调的方式。所以你觉得什么时候有可能在 AI Mode 中添加广告?从有格调的、不烦人的角度来看,那是什么样的?
**Sundar Pichai:** Two things. Early part of AI Mode, we'll obviously focus more on the organic experience to make sure we are getting it right. I think the fundamental value of ads are, it enables access to deploy the services to billions of people. Second is ads are, the reason we've always taken ads seriously is we view ads as commercial information, but it's still information, and so we bring the same quality metrics to it. I think with AI Mode, to our earlier conversation about it, I think AI itself will help us, over time, figure out the best way to do it. I think, given we are giving context around everything, I think it'll give us more opportunities to also explain, "Okay, here's some commercial information." Like, today, as a podcaster, you do it at certain spots, and you probably figure out what's best in your podcast. So there are aspects of that. But I think, you know, the underlying need of people value commercial information, businesses are trying to connect to users, all that doesn't change in an AI moment. But look, we will rethink it. You've seen us in YouTube now do a mixture of subscription and ads. Like, obviously, you know, we are now introducing subscription offerings across everything. And so as part of that, the optimization point will end up being a different place as well.
**Lex Fridman:** 两件事。AI Mode 的早期阶段,我们显然会更专注于有机体验,确保我们做对了。我觉得广告的根本价值是,它使得把服务部署给数十亿人成为可能。第二是广告,我们一直认真对待广告的原因是我们把广告视为商业信息,但它仍然是信息,所以我们对它应用同样的质量标准。我觉得对于 AI Mode,回到我们之前关于它的对话,我觉得 AI 本身会帮助我们,随着时间,找出最好的方式来做这件事。我觉得,鉴于我们在围绕一切给出上下文,我觉得它会给我们更多机会来解释,"好的,这里有一些商业信息。"比如,今天,作为一个播客主,你在某些位置做这件事,你可能会弄清楚在你的播客里什么是最好的。所以有那些方面。但我觉得,你知道,人们重视商业信息的底层需求,企业在试图联系用户,所有这些在 AI 时代不会改变。但看,我们会重新思考它。你们看到我们在 YouTube 上现在是订阅和广告的混合。就像,显然,你知道,我们现在在所有东西上引入订阅产品。所以作为其中一部分,优化点最终也会在不同的地方。
**Lex Fridman:** Do you see a trajectory in the possible future where AI mode completely replaces the 10 blue links plus AI overview?
**Sundar Pichai:** 你是否看到一个可能的未来轨迹,AI mode 完全取代10个蓝色链接加 AI overview?
**Sundar Pichai:** Our current plan is AI Mode is gonna be there as a separate tab for people who really wanna experience that, but it's not yet at the level where our main Search pages. But as features work, we'll keep migrating it to the main page. And so you can view it as a continuum, AI Mode will offer you the bleeding edge experience, but things that work will keep overflowing to AI overviews in the main experience.
**Lex Fridman:** 我们目前的计划是 AI Mode 会作为一个单独的标签页存在,给那些真正想体验它的人,但它还没到我们主搜索页面的水平。但随着功能起作用,我们会不断迁移它到主页面。所以你可以把它看作一个连续体,AI Mode 会给你最前沿的体验,但有效的东西会不断溢出到主体验中的 AI overviews。
**Lex Fridman:** And the idea that AI Mode will still take you to the web, to the human-created web.
**Sundar Pichai:** 而且 AI Mode 仍然会带你去网上,人类创建的网上。
**Sundar Pichai:** Yes. That's gonna be a core design principle for us.
**Lex Fridman:** 是的。那将是我们的核心设计原则。
**Lex Fridman:** So really, if users decide, right, they drive this.
**Sundar Pichai:** 所以真的是,如果用户决定,对吧,他们来驱动这个。
**Sundar Pichai:** Yeah.
**Lex Fridman:** 是的。
**Lex Fridman:** It's just exciting, a little bit scary, that it might change the internet. Because Google has been dominating with a very specific look and idea of what it means to have the internet, and as you move to AI mode. I mean, it's just a different experience. I think Liz was talking about, I think you've mentioned that you ask more questions, you ask longer questions,
**Sundar Pichai:** 这很令人兴奋,有点吓人,它可能会改变互联网。因为 Google 一直以一种非常特定的外观和理念来主导互联网,随着你转向 AI mode。我的意思是,那就是一种不同的体验。我觉得 Liz 在谈论的,我觉得你提到了你问更多问题,你问更长的问题——
**Sundar Pichai:** Dramatically different types of questions.
**Lex Fridman:** 极其不同类型的问题。
**Lex Fridman:** Yeah, like it actually fuels curiosity. Like, I think for me, I've been asking just a much larger number of questions of this black box machine, let's say, whatever it is. And with AI overview, it's interesting, because I still value the human, I still ultimately want to end up on the human-created web, but, like you said, the context really helps.
**Sundar Pichai:** 是的,就像它实际上激发了好奇心。就是,我觉得对我来说,我一直在向这个黑箱机器,不管它是什么,问更大量的问题。而且对于 AI overview,很有趣,因为我仍然重视人类,我仍然最终想去到人类创建的网上,但就像你说的,上下文真的很有帮助。
**Sundar Pichai:** It helps us deliver higher quality referrals, right? You know, where people are like, they have much higher likelihood of finding what they're looking for. They're exploring, they're curious, their intent is getting satisfied more. So that's what all our metrics show.
**Lex Fridman:** 它帮助我们提供更高质量的推荐,对吧?你知道,人们有更高的可能性找到他们在找的东西。他们在探索,他们很好奇,他们的意图得到了更多满足。所以这就是我们所有指标显示的。
**Lex Fridman:** It makes the humans that create the web nervous, the journalists are getting nervous. They've already been nervous. Like we mentioned, CNN is nervous because of podcasts. It makes people nervous.
**Sundar Pichai:** 它让创建网络的人类紧张了,记者们在紧张。他们已经紧张了。就像我们提到的,CNN 因为播客而紧张。它让人们紧张。
**Sundar Pichai:** Look, I think news and journalism will play an important role, you know, in the future. We are pretty committed to it, right? And so I think making sure that ecosystem, in fact, I think we'll be able to differentiate ourselves as a company over time because of our commitment there. So it's something I think, you know, I definitely value a lot, and as we are designing, we'll continue prioritizing approaches.
**Lex Fridman:** 看,我觉得新闻和新闻业在未来会发挥重要作用,你知道。我们对此相当承诺,对吧?所以我觉得确保那个生态系统,事实上,我觉得我们将能够随着时间因为我们在那里的承诺而使自己作为一家公司脱颖而出。所以这是我觉得,你知道,我非常重视的东西,而且在我们设计的时候,我们会继续优先考虑这些方法。
**Lex Fridman:** I'm sure for the people who want, they can have a fine-tuned AI model that's click-bait hit pieces that will replace current journalism. That's a shot at journalism. Forgive me. But I find that, if you're looking for really strong criticism of things, that Gemini is very good at providing that.
**Sundar Pichai:** 我确信对于想要的人来说,他们可以有一个 fine-tuned 的 AI 模型来生成标题党打击文章,取代当前的新闻业。这是对新闻业的讽刺。请原谅。但我发现,如果你在寻找对事物真正强有力的批评,Gemini 非常擅长提供那个。
**Sundar Pichai:** Oh, absolutely.
**Lex Fridman:** 哦,绝对的。
**Lex Fridman:** It's better than anything, for now, I mean, people are concerned that there would be bias that's introduced as the AI systems become more and more powerful, there's incentive from sponsors to roll in and try to control the output of the AI models. But for now, the objective criticism that's provided is way better than journalism. Of course, the argument is the journalists are still valuable, but then, I don't know, the crowdsource journalism that we get on the open internet is also very, very powerful.
**Sundar Pichai:** 它比任何东西都好,目前来说,我的意思是,人们担心随着 AI 系统变得越来越强大会引入偏见,有来自赞助商的动机试图控制 AI 模型的输出。但目前,它提供的客观批评比新闻业好得多。当然,论点是记者仍然有价值,但然后,我不知道,我们在开放互联网上得到的众包新闻也非常非常强大。
**Sundar Pichai:** I feel like they're all super important things. I think it's good that you get a lot of crowdsourced information coming in, but I feel like there is real value for high quality journalism, right? And I think these are all complimentary. I think like I view it as, I find myself constantly seeking out also, like try to find objective reporting on things too. And sometimes you get more context from the crowdfunded sources you read online, but I think both end up playing a super important role.
**Lex Fridman:** 我觉得它们都是超级重要的事情。我觉得你得到很多众包信息进来是好的,但我觉得高质量新闻确实有真正的价值,对吧?我觉得这些都是互补的。我觉得我的看法是,我发现自己不断地也在寻找,试图找到对事物的客观报道。有时候你从你在网上读到的众筹来源得到更多上下文,但我觉得两者最终都发挥着超级重要的角色。
**Lex Fridman:** So you've spoken a little about this, Demis talked about this, as sort of the slice of the web that will increasingly become about providing information for agents. So we can think about it as like two layers of the web, one is for humans, one is for agents. Do you see the AI agents? Do you see the one that's for AI agents growing over time? Do you see their still being long-term, 5, 10 years, value for the human-created, human-created for the purpose of human consumption web, or will it all be agents in the end?
**Sundar Pichai:** 所以你稍微谈到了这个,Demis 谈到了这个,作为网络的一部分,将越来越多地关于为 agent 提供信息。所以我们可以把它想象成网络的两层,一层是为人类的,一层是为 agent 的。你看到 AI agent 吗?你看到为 AI agent 服务的那层随着时间增长吗?你觉得长期来看,5年、10年,人类创建的、为人类消费而创建的网络还有价值吗,还是最终都会是 agent?
**Sundar Pichai:** Today, like, not everyone does, but, you know, you go to a big retail store, you love walking the aisle, you love shopping, or grocery store, picking out food, et cetera. They're also online shopping, and they're delivering, right? So both are complimentary, and like, that's true for restaurants, et cetera. So I do feel like, over time, websites will also get better for humans, they will be better designed, AI might actually design them better for humans. So I expect the web to get a lot richer, and more interesting, and better to use. At the same time, I think there'll be an agentic web, which is also making a lot of progress. And you have to solve the business value, and the incentives to make that work well, right, like for people to participate in it. But I think both will coexist, and, obviously, the agents may not need the same, I mean, may not? They won't need the same design and the UI paradigms which humans need to interact with. But I think both will be there.
**Lex Fridman:** 今天,不是每个人都这样,但,你知道,你去一个大零售店,你喜欢走过走道,你喜欢购物,或者杂货店,挑选食物,等等。他们也有在线购物,他们在送货,对吧?所以两者都是互补的,就像,餐厅也是这样,等等。所以我确实觉得,随着时间,网站也会对人类变得更好,它们会被更好地设计,AI 实际上可能会为人类设计得更好。所以我预期网络会变得更丰富,更有趣,更好用。同时,我觉得会有一个 agentic 的网络,也在取得很多进展。你必须解决商业价值和激励问题,让它运作得好,对吧,让人们参与其中。但我觉得两者都会共存,而且,显然,agent 可能不需要同样的,我的意思是,可能不需要?它们不会需要人类需要的相同设计和 UI 范式来互动。但我觉得两者都会存在。
**Lex Fridman:** I have to ask you about Chrome. I have to say, for me, personally, Google Chrome is probably, I don't know, I'd like to see where I would rank it, but in this temptation, and this is not a recency bias, although it might be a little bit, but I think it's up there, top three, maybe the number one piece of software for me of all time. It's incredible. It's really incredible. The browser is our window to the web, and Chrome really continues for many years, but even initially to push the innovation on that front when it was stale, and it continues to challenge, it continues to make it more performant, so efficient, and just innovate constantly. And the Chromium aspect of it. Anyway, (chuckles) you were one of the pioneers of Chrome, pushing for it when it was an insane idea, probably one of the ideas that was criticized and doubted and so on. So can you tell me the story of what it took to push for Chrome? What was your vision?
**Sundar Pichai:** 我得问你关于 Chrome 的事。我必须说,对我个人来说,Google Chrome 可能是,我不知道,我想看看我会把它排在哪里,但在这个诱惑中,这不是近因偏差,虽然可能有一点点,但我觉得它是前三名,也许是我有史以来排名第一的软件。太不可思议了。真的太不可思议了。浏览器是我们通往网络的窗口,Chrome 真的在很多年里持续地,但即使最初也在推动那方面的创新,当它停滞不前的时候,它持续挑战,持续让它更高性能,更高效,不断创新。还有 Chromium 的方面。总之,(笑)你是 Chrome 的先驱之一,在那是一个疯狂想法的时候推动它,可能是那些被批评和质疑的想法之一。你能告诉我推动 Chrome 需要什么吗?你的愿景是什么?
**Sundar Pichai:** Look, it was such a dynamic time around 2004, 2005, with AJAX, the web suddenly becoming dynamic in a matter of few months, Flickr, Gmail, Google Maps all kind of came into existence, right? Like the fact that you have an interactive, dynamic web, the web was evolving from simple text pages, simple HTML, to rich, dynamic applications. But at the same time, you could see the browser was never meant for that world. Right? Like JavaScript execution was super slow. You know, the browser was far away from being an operating system for that rich modern web which was coming into place. So that's the opportunity we saw, like, you know, it's an amazing early team. I still remember the day we got a shell on Webkit running, and how fast it was. You know, we had the clear vision for building a browser, like we wanted to bring core OS principles into the browser. Right? Like, so we built a secure browser sandbox, each tab was its own. These things are common now, but at the time, like it was pretty unique. We found an amazing team in our Aarhus, Denmark, with a leader who built V8, the JavaScript VM, which at the time was 25 times faster than any other JavaScript VM out there. And by the way, you are right, we open sourced it all, and, you know, put it in Chromium too. But we really thought the web could work much better, you know, much faster, and you could be much safer browsing the web. And the name Chrome came was because we literally felt people were like, the chrome of the browser was getting clunkier, we wanted to minimize it. And so that was the origins of the project. Definitely, obviously, highly biased person here talking about Chrome. But, you know, it's the most fun I've had building a product from the ground up, and it was an extraordinary team. My co-founders on the project were terrific, so, definite fond memories.
**Lex Fridman:** 看,那是2004年、2005年前后一个非常活跃的时期,有 AJAX,网络突然在几个月内变得动态,Flickr、Gmail、Google Maps 都某种程度上同时出现了,对吧?就是你有一个互动的、动态的网络的事实,网络从简单的文本页面、简单的 HTML 演变为丰富的、动态的应用。但与此同时,你可以看到浏览器从来不是为那个世界设计的。对吧?就像 JavaScript 执行超级慢。你知道,浏览器离成为那个丰富的现代网络的操作系统还差得远。所以那就是我们看到的机会,就像,你知道,那是一个了不起的早期团队。我仍然记得我们在 Webkit 上跑起一个 shell 的那天,还有它有多快。你知道,我们有构建浏览器的清晰愿景,我们想把核心操作系统原则带入浏览器。对吧?所以我们构建了一个安全的浏览器沙箱,每个标签页都是自己的。这些东西现在很常见,但在当时,这是相当独特的。我们在丹麦 Aarhus 找到了一个了不起的团队,有一个领导者构建了 V8,那个 JavaScript VM,在当时比任何其他 JavaScript VM 快25倍。而且顺便说一下,你说得对,我们把它全部开源了,放到了 Chromium 里。但我们真的觉得网络可以运作得更好,你知道,更快,你浏览网络可以更安全。Chrome 这个名字的来由是因为我们真的觉得人们像是,浏览器的装饰框架(chrome)变得越来越笨重,我们想把它最小化。那就是这个项目的起源。肯定,显然,这里说话的是一个高度偏颇的人。但是,你知道,这是我从零开始构建产品中最有趣的经历,那是一个非凡的团队。我在这个项目上的联合创始人们都很出色,所以,绝对有美好的记忆。
**Lex Fridman:** So for people who don't know, Sundar, I mean, it's probably fair to say, you're the reason we have Chrome. Yes, I know there's a lot of incredible engineers, but pushing for it inside a company that probably was opposing it, because it's a crazy idea, because as everybody probably knows, it's incredibly difficult to build a browser.
**Sundar Pichai:** 所以对于不了解的人,Sundar,我的意思是,可以公平地说,你是我们有 Chrome 的原因。是的,我知道有很多不可思议的工程师,但在一家可能反对它的公司里推动它,因为这是一个疯狂的想法,因为正如大家可能知道的,构建一个浏览器是极其困难的。
**Sundar Pichai:** Yeah, look, Eric, who was the CEO at the time, I think it was less that he was opposed to it, he kind of firsthand knew what a crazy thing it is to go build a browser, and so he definitely was like, this is, you know, there was a crazy aspect to actually wanting to go build a browser. But he was very supportive. You know, everyone, the founders, where I think once we started building something, and we could use it and see how much better, from then on, like, you know, you're really tinkering with the product and making it better. It came to life pretty fast.
**Lex Fridman:** 是的,看,Eric,当时的 CEO,我觉得不太是说他反对它,他某种程度上亲身知道去构建一个浏览器是多么疯狂的事情,所以他确实像是,这是,你知道,实际上想去构建浏览器有一个疯狂的方面。但他非常支持。你知道,所有人,创始人们,我觉得一旦我们开始构建一些东西,我们可以用它,看它好多少,从那时起,你知道,你真的是在修修补补产品让它变得更好。它很快就有了生命。
**Lex Fridman:** What wisdom do you draw from that, from pushing through on a crazy idea in the early days that ends up being revolutionary? For future crazy ideas like it.
**Sundar Pichai:** 你从那里汲取了什么智慧,从早期推动一个疯狂想法最终变得革命性?对于未来像那样的疯狂想法。
**Sundar Pichai:** I mean, this is something Larry and Sergey have articulated clearly, I really internalized this early on, which is, you know, their whole feeling around working on moonshots, like as a way, when you work on something very ambitious, first of all, it attracts the best people, right? So that's an advantage you get. Number two, because it's so ambitious, you don't have others working on something crazy, so you pretty much have the path to yourselves, right? It's like Waymo self-driving. Number three, even if you end up quite not accomplishing what you set out to do, and you end up doing 60, 80% of it, it'll end up being a terrific success. So, you know, that's the advice I would give people, right? I think like, you know, it's just aiming for big ideas has all these advantages, and it's risky, but it also has all these advantages which people I don't think fully internalize.
**Lex Fridman:** 我的意思是,这是 Larry 和 Sergey 清楚表达过的东西,我很早就内化了这个,就是,你知道,他们关于做 moonshots 的整个感觉,就是作为一种方式,当你做非常有野心的事情的时候,首先,它吸引最好的人,对吧?所以那是你得到的一个优势。第二,因为它如此有野心,你没有其他人在做疯狂的事情,所以你基本上有那条路全给自己,对吧?就像 Waymo 自动驾驶。第三,即使你最终没有完全完成你设定要做的事情,你最终做了60%、80%,它最终也会是一个了不起的成功。所以,你知道,那是我会给人们的建议,对吧?我觉得,你知道,瞄准大想法有所有这些优势,它有风险,但它也有所有这些优势,我不觉得人们完全内化了。
**Lex Fridman:** I mean, you mentioned one of the craziest, biggest moonshots, which is Waymo. It's one, when I first saw, over a decade ago, a Waymo vehicle, a Google self-driving car vehicle, for me, it was an aha moment for robotics. It made me fall in love with robotics even more than before, it gave me a glimpse into the future. So it's incredible, truly grateful for that project, for what it symbolizes. But it's also a crazy moonshot. For a long time, (laughs) Waymo's been just like you mentioned with scuba diving, just not listening to anybody, just calmly improving the system better and better, and more testing, just expanding the operational domain more and more. First of all, congrats on 10 million paid robo taxi rides. What lessons do you take from Waymo about like, the perseverance, the persistence on that project?
**Sundar Pichai:** 我的意思是,你提到了一个最疯狂、最大的 moonshot,就是 Waymo。这是一个,当我第一次看到,超过十年前,一辆 Waymo 车,一辆 Google 自动驾驶车的时候,对我来说,那是机器人学的顿悟时刻。它让我比以前更爱上了机器人学,它给了我一瞥未来。所以太不可思议了,真正感激那个项目,感激它所象征的东西。但它也是一个疯狂的 moonshot。很长一段时间,(笑)Waymo 就像你提到的潜水一样,就是不听任何人的,只是冷静地一点一点改进系统,更多测试,不断扩展操作域。首先,恭喜1000万次付费 robo taxi 乘坐。你从 Waymo 身上获得了什么关于毅力、坚持的教训?
**Sundar Pichai:** Oh, really proud of the progress we have had with Waymo. One of the things I think we were very committed to, you know, the final 20% can look like, I mean, we always say, right, the first 80% is easy, the final 20% takes 80% of the time, I think we are definitely were working through that phase with Waymo, but I was aware of that. But, you know, we knew we were at that stage. We knew we were the technology gap between, while there were many people, many other self-driving companies, we knew the technology gap was there. In fact, right at the moment when others were doubting Waymo is when, I don't know, I made the decision to invest more in Waymo, right? So in some ways, it's counterintuitive. But I think, look, we've always been a deep technology company, and like, you know, Waymo is a version of kind of building a AI robot that works well. And so we get attracted to problems like that, the caliber of the teams there, you know, phenomenal teams. And so I know you follow the space super closely, you know, I'm talking to someone who knows the space well, but it was very obvious it's gonna get there, and you know, there's still more work to do, but it's a good example where we always prioritized being ambitious, and safety at the same time, right? And equally committed to both, and pushed hard, and, you know, couldn't be more thrilled with how it's working, how much people love the experience. And this year has definitely, we've scaled up a lot, and we'll continue scaling up in '26.
**Lex Fridman:** 哦,真的为我们在 Waymo 取得的进展感到骄傲。我觉得我们非常致力于的一件事是,你知道,最后那20%可能看起来像,我的意思是,我们总是说,对吧,前面80%很容易,最后20%花费80%的时间,我觉得我们确实在 Waymo 经历那个阶段,但我意识到了那一点。但是,你知道,我们知道我们在那个阶段。我们知道技术差距在那里,虽然有很多人,很多其他自动驾驶公司,我们知道技术差距在那里。事实上,恰恰在其他人质疑 Waymo 的时刻,是我,我不知道,我做出了在 Waymo 上投入更多的决定,对吧?所以在某些方面,这是反直觉的。但我觉得,看,我们一直是一家深度技术公司,就像,你知道,Waymo 是某种程度上构建一个运作良好的 AI 机器人的版本。所以我们被那样的问题吸引,那里团队的水平,你知道,非凡的团队。我知道你非常密切地关注这个领域,你知道,我在跟一个了解这个领域的人说话,但很明显它会到达那里,而且你知道,还有更多工作要做,但这是一个好例子,我们总是同时优先考虑雄心和安全,对吧?同样致力于两者,努力推进,而且,你知道,对它的运作方式、人们有多喜欢这个体验再高兴不过了。今年确实,我们已经大规模扩张了,我们会在26年继续扩张。
**Lex Fridman:** That said, the competition is heating up. You've been friendly with Elon, even though technically he's a competitor, but you've been friendly with a lot of tech CEOs in that way, just showing respect towards them and so on
**Lex Fridman:** 话虽如此,竞争正在加剧。你跟 Elon 一直很友好,尽管技术上他是竞争对手,但你跟很多科技 CEO 都是那种方式,只是向他们展示尊重等等,你怎么看 Tesla 正在做的 robo taxi 努力?你把它视为竞争吗,你怎么想?你喜欢竞争吗?
**Lex Fridman:** what do you think about the robo taxi efforts that Tesla's doing? Do you see it as competition, what do you think? Do you like the competition?
**Sundar Pichai:** 我们是 SpaceX 最早和最大的支持者之一,作为 Google,对吧?所以,你知道,对 SpaceX 取得的成就感到高兴——
**Sundar Pichai:** We are one of the earliest and biggest backers of SpaceX as Google, right? So, you know, thrilled with what SpaceX is doing, and fortunate to be investors as a company there, right?
**Sundar Pichai:** 只是对他们表示尊重等等,你怎么看 Tesla 在 robo taxi 方面的努力?你觉得那是竞争吗,你怎么看?你喜欢这种竞争吗?
**Sundar Pichai:** And, look, we don't compete with Tesla directly, we are not making cars, et cetera, right, we are building L4, 5 autonomy, we are building a Waymo driver, which is general purpose and can be used in many settings. They're obviously working on making Tesla self-driving too, I just assume it's a de facto that Elon would succeed in whatever he does. (Lex laughs) So like, you know, that is not something I question. So but I think we're so far, these spaces are such vast spaces. Like I think about transportation, the opportunity space, the Waymo driver is a general purpose technology we can apply in many situations. So you have a vast, green space. In all future scenarios, I see Tesla doing well, and, you know, Waymo doing well.
**Lex Fridman:** 作为 Google,我们是 SpaceX 最早也是最大的支持者之一,对吧?所以,你知道,我们对 SpaceX 所做的事情感到兴奋,而且很幸运作为一家公司在那里做了投资,对吧?而且,看,我们并不直接与 Tesla 竞争,我们不造汽车,等等,对吧,我们在构建 L4、L5 级别的自动驾驶,我们在构建 Waymo driver,它是通用的,可以在很多场景中使用。他们显然也在让 Tesla 实现自动驾驶,我只是默认 Elon 做什么都会成功。(Lex 笑)所以,你知道,这不是我会质疑的事情。但我认为到目前为止,这些领域是如此广阔的空间。比如我想到交通,机会空间,Waymo driver 是一项通用技术,我们可以在很多情况下应用。所以你有一个广阔的绿地空间。在所有未来的场景中,我看到 Tesla 做得好,你知道,Waymo 也做得好。
**Lex Fridman:** Like we mentioned with the Neolithic package, I think it's very possible that in the quote-unquote, AI package, when the history is written, autonomous vehicles, self-driving cars is like the big thing that changes everything. Imagine, over a period of a decade or two, just a complete transition from manually driven to autonomous in ways we might not predict. It might change the way we move about the world completely. So, you know, the possibility of that. And then the second and third order effects, as you're seeing now with Tesla, very possibly you would see some internally with Alphabet, maybe Waymo, maybe some of the Gemini Robotics stuff, it might lead you into the other domains of robotics. Because we should remember Waymo's a robot, it just happens to be on four wheels. So you said that the next big thing, we can also throw that into AI package, the big aha moment might be in the space of robotics. What do you think that would look like?
**Sundar Pichai:** 就像我们提到的新石器时代一揽子方案,我认为很有可能在所谓的"AI 一揽子方案"中,当历史被书写的时候,自动驾驶汽车是那个改变一切的大事。想象一下,在十年或二十年的时间里,从手动驾驶到自动驾驶的完全转变,以我们可能无法预测的方式。它可能会彻底改变我们在世界中移动的方式。所以,你知道,有这种可能性。然后是二阶和三阶效应,正如你现在在 Tesla 看到的那样,很可能你会在 Alphabet 内部看到一些,也许是 Waymo,也许是一些 Gemini Robotics 的东西,它可能会引导你进入机器人学的其他领域。因为我们应该记住 Waymo 是一个机器人,它只是恰好在四个轮子上。所以你说下一个大事件,我们也可以把它放进 AI 一揽子方案中,重大的顿悟时刻可能在机器人学领域。你认为那会是什么样子?
**Sundar Pichai:** Demis and the Google DeepMind team is very focused on Gemini Robotics, right? So we are definitely building the underlying models well. So we have a lot of investments there, and I think we are also pretty cutting edge in our research there. So we are definitely driving that direction. We obviously are thinking about applications in robotics. We'll kind of work, seeing as we are partnering with a few companies today, but it's an area I would say, stay tuned, we are yet to fully articulate our plans outside, but it's an area we are definitely committed to driving a lot of progress. But I think AI ends up driving that massive progress in robotics, the field has been held back for a while. I mean, hardware has made extraordinary progress. The software had been the challenge, but, you know, with AI now, and the generalized models we are building, you know, building these models, getting them to work in the real world, in a safe way, in a generalized way is the frontier we're pushing pretty hard on.
**Lex Fridman:** Demis 和 Google DeepMind 团队非常专注于 Gemini Robotics,对吧?所以我们确实在很好地构建底层模型。所以我们在那里有大量投资,我认为我们在研究方面也处于非常前沿的位置。所以我们确实在推动那个方向。我们显然在考虑机器人学方面的应用。我们会看到进展的,就像我们今天在与一些公司合作一样,但我会说这是一个领域,敬请期待,我们还没有完全对外阐述我们的计划,但这是一个我们绝对致力于推动大量进展的领域。但我认为 AI 最终会推动机器人学的巨大进步,这个领域已经被搁置了一段时间。我是说,硬件取得了非凡的进步。软件一直是挑战,但是,你知道,现在有了 AI,以及我们正在构建的通用化模型,你知道,构建这些模型,让它们在现实世界中以安全的方式、以通用的方式工作,是我们正在非常努力推进的前沿。
**Lex Fridman:** Well, it's really nice to see that the models and the different teams integrated to where all of them are pushing towards one world model that's being built. So from all these different angles, multimodal, you're ultimately trying to get, Gemini, the same thing that would make AI Mode really effective in answering your questions, which requires a kind of world model, is the same kind of thing that would help a robot be useful in the physical world. So everything's aligned.
**Sundar Pichai:** 嗯,看到这些模型和不同的团队整合到所有人都在朝着一个正在构建的世界模型推进,这真的很棒。所以从所有这些不同的角度,多模态,你最终试图让 Gemini,同样的东西,能让 AI Mode 在回答你的问题时真正有效,这需要一种世界模型,与帮助机器人在物理世界中有用的是同一种东西。所以一切都是对齐的。
**Sundar Pichai:** That is what makes this moment so unique, 'cause, running a company, for the first time, you can do one investment in a very deep, horizontal way, on top of which you can drive multiple businesses forward. Right? And, you know, that's effectively what we are doing in Google and Alphabet, right?
**Lex Fridman:** 这就是为什么这个时刻如此独特,因为,运营一家公司,第一次,你可以以一种非常深入的、水平的方式进行一项投资,在此基础上你可以推动多项业务前进。对吧?而且,你知道,这实际上就是我们在 Google 和 Alphabet 所做的事情,对吧?
**Lex Fridman:** Yeah, it's all coming together like it was planned ahead of time, but it's not, of course, it's all distributed. I mean, if Gmail, and Sheets, and all these other incredible services, I can sing Gmail praises for years, I mean, just revolutionized email. But the moment you start to integrate AI Gemini into Gmail, I mean, that's the other thing, speaking of productivity multiplier, people complain about email, but that changed everything. Email, like the invention of email, changed everything. And it's been ripe, there's been a few folks trying to revolutionize email, some of them on top of Gmail, but that's like ripe for innovation, not just spam filtering, but (chuckles softly) you demoed a really nice demo of-
**Sundar Pichai:** 是的,一切都在汇聚在一起,就好像是提前计划好的一样,但当然不是,这都是分布式的。我是说,如果 Gmail、Sheets 和所有这些其他令人难以置信的服务,我可以唱好几年 Gmail 的赞歌,我是说,它彻底革新了电子邮件。但当你开始把 AI Gemini 整合到 Gmail 中的那一刻,我是说,那是另一件事,说到生产力倍增器,人们抱怨电子邮件,但那改变了一切。电子邮件,就像电子邮件的发明,改变了一切。而且它已经成熟了,有一些人试图革新电子邮件,其中一些是在 Gmail 之上,但那像是一个等待创新的领域,不只是垃圾邮件过滤,而是(轻声笑)你演示了一个非常好的 demo——
**Sundar Pichai:** Personalized responses, right?
**Lex Fridman:** 个性化回复,对吧?
**Lex Fridman:** Personalized responses. And at first I was like, at first I felt really bad about that, but then I realized that's there's nothing wrong to feel bad about. Because the example you gave is when a friend asks, you know, you went to whatever hiking location, do you have any advice? And they just search us through all your information to give them good advice, and then you put the cherry on top, maybe some love or whatever, comradery. But the informational aspect, the knowledge tran sfer, it does for you.
**Lex Fridman:** 个性化回复。一开始我觉得对此感到很不好,但后来我意识到没什么可以感到不好的。因为你给的例子是当一个朋友问你,你知道,你去了某个徒步地点,你有什么建议吗?然后它就搜索你所有的信息来给他们好的建议,然后你在上面加上点缀,也许是一些爱或者其他什么,友情。但信息方面,知识的传递,它帮你做了。
**Lex Fridman:** I think there'll be important moments. Like it should be, like today, if you write a card in your own handwriting and send it to someone, that's a special thing. Similarly, there'll be a time, I mean, to your friends, maybe your friend wrote and said he's not doing well or something, you know, those are moments you wanna save your times for writing something, reaching out. But you know, like saying, "Give me all the details of the trip you took," you know, to me, makes a lot of sense for a AI assistant to help you, right? And so I think both are important, but I think I'm excited about that direction.
**Lex Fridman:** 我认为会有一些重要的时刻。就像它应该是,就像今天,如果你用自己的笔迹写一张卡片寄给某人,那是一件特别的事。同样地,会有一个时候,我是说,对你的朋友们,也许你的朋友写信说他状态不好或什么的,你知道,那些是你想要把时间留出来写些东西、联系的时刻。但你知道,像是说"把你旅行的所有细节给我",你知道,对我来说,让一个 AI 助手帮你是非常合理的,对吧?所以我认为两者都重要,但我对那个方向感到兴奋。
**Lex Fridman:** Yeah, I think, ultimately, it gives more time for us humans to do the things we humans find meaningful. And I think it scares a lot of people, because we're gonna have to ask ourselves the hard question, of like, what do we find meaningful? And I'm sure there's answers, and it's the old question of the meaning of existence, is you have to try to figure that out. That might be, ultimately, parenting, or being creative in some domains of art, or writing. And it challenges. Like, you know, it's a good question to ask yourself, like, in my life, what is the thing that brings me most joy and fulfillment? And if I'm able to actually focus more time on that, that's really powerful.
**Sundar Pichai:** 是的,我认为最终这给了我们人类更多时间去做我们人类觉得有意义的事情。我认为这让很多人害怕,因为我们将不得不问自己那个困难的问题,比如,我们觉得什么有意义?我相信有答案的,这是关于存在意义的老问题,就是你必须试着去弄清楚那个。那最终可能是,养育子女,或者在某些艺术领域、写作领域进行创作。它带来挑战。就像,你知道,问自己这是一个好问题,在我的生活中,什么事情给我带来最多的快乐和满足?如果我能够真正把更多时间集中在那上面,那是非常强大的。
**Sundar Pichai:** I think that's the holy grail. If you get this right, I think it allows more people to find that.
**Lex Fridman:** 我认为那就是圣杯。如果你把这件事做好,我认为它能让更多人找到那个。
**Lex Fridman:** I have to ask you, on the programming front, AI is getting really good at programming. Gemini, both the agentic and just the LLM has been incredible. So a lot of programmers are really worried that their jobs, they will lose their jobs. How worried should they be, and how should they adjust so they can be thriving in this new world where more and more code is written by AI?
**Sundar Pichai:** 我得问你,在编程方面,AI 在编程方面变得真的很好。Gemini,无论是 agentic 的还是仅仅 LLM 都非常出色。所以很多程序员真的很担心他们的工作,他们会失去工作。他们应该多担心,他们应该如何调整以便在这个越来越多代码由 AI 编写的新世界中蓬勃发展?
**Sundar Pichai:** I think a few things. Looking at Google, you know, we've given various stats around like, you know, 30% of code now uses like AI generated suggestions or whatever it is. But the most important metric, and we carefully measure it, is like, how much has our engineering velocity increased as a company due to AI, right? And it's like tough to measure, and we can rigorously try to measure it. And our estimates are at that number is now at 10%, right? Like now, across the company, we've accomplished a 10% engineering velocity increase using AI. But we plan to hire more engineers next year, right? So because the opportunity space of what we can do is expanding too, right? And so I think, hopefully, you know, for at least in the near to midterm, for many engineers, it frees up more and more of the, you know, even in engineering and coding, there are aspects which are so much fun, you're designing, you're architecting, you're solving a problem, there's a lot of grant work, you know, which all goes hand in hand, but it hopefully takes a lot of that away, makes it even more fun to code, frees you up more time to create, problem solve, brainstorm with your fellow colleagues and so on, right? So that's the opportunity there. And second, I think like, you know, it'll attract, it'll put the creative power in more people's hands, which means people will create more, that means there'll be more engineers doing more things. So it's tough to fully predict. But you know, I think in general, in this moment, it feels like, you know, people adopt these tools and be better programmers. Like there are more people playing chess now than ever before, right? (chuckles) So, you know, it feels positive that way to me, at least speaking from within a Google context, is how I would, you know, talk to them about it.
**Lex Fridman:** 我认为有几件事。看看 Google,你知道,我们给出了各种统计数据,比如说,你知道,现在 30% 的代码使用 AI 生成的建议或者别的什么。但最重要的指标,我们仔细衡量的,是像,由于 AI,我们作为一家公司的工程速度提高了多少,对吧?这很难衡量,我们可以严格地尝试衡量它。我们的估计是这个数字现在是 10%,对吧?比如现在,在整个公司范围内,我们使用 AI 实现了 10% 的工程速度提升。但我们计划明年雇更多工程师,对吧?因为我们能做的事情的机会空间也在扩大,对吧?所以我认为,希望,你知道,至少在中近期,对于很多工程师来说,它释放了更多的,你知道,即使在工程和编码中,有些方面是非常有趣的,你在设计,你在架构,你在解决问题,有很多基础工作,你知道,所有这些都是相辅相成的,但它希望能去除很多那些东西,让编码更有趣,给你更多时间去创造、解决问题、与同事们头脑风暴等等,对吧?这就是那里的机会。其次,我认为像,你知道,它会吸引,它会把创造力放在更多人手中,这意味着人们会创造更多,那意味着会有更多工程师做更多事情。所以很难完全预测。但你知道,我认为总体来说,在这个时刻,感觉就像,你知道,人们采用这些工具并成为更好的程序员。就像现在下国际象棋的人比以往任何时候都多,对吧?(笑)所以,你知道,对我来说至少从 Google 内部的角度来说,感觉是积极的,这就是我会怎么跟他们谈论这件事。
**Lex Fridman:** I still, I just know anecdotally, a lot of great programmers are generating a lot of code. So their productivity, they're not always using all the code, just, you know, there's still a lot of editing, but like, even for me, I'm still programming as a side thing, I think I'm like 5x more productive. I think even for a large code base that's touching a lot of users, like Google's does, I'm imagining like, very soon, that productivity should be going up even more.
**Sundar Pichai:** 我只是从轶事中知道,很多优秀的程序员正在生成大量代码。所以他们的生产力,他们并不总是使用所有的代码,只是,你知道,仍然有很多编辑,但像,即使对我来说,我仍然把编程当作副业,我觉得我的生产力大约提高了 5 倍。我想即使对于一个像 Google 那样接触大量用户的大型代码库来说,我想象,很快,那个生产力应该会更高。
**Sundar Pichai:** The big unlock will be as we make the agentic capabilities much more robust, right? I think that's what unlocks that next big wave. I think the 10% is like a massive number. Like, you know, if tomorrow, like I showed up and said like, you can improve a large organization's productivity by 10%, when you have tens of thousands of engineers, that's a phenomenal number. And, you know, that's different than what other site statistics are saying, like, you know, "This percentage of code is now written by AI." I'm talking more about like overall-
**Lex Fridman:** 大的突破将是当我们让 agentic 能力变得更加强大的时候,对吧?我认为那是解锁下一波大浪潮的关键。我认为 10% 是一个巨大的数字。就像,你知道,如果明天,我出现然后说,你可以把一个大型组织的生产力提高 10%,当你有数万名工程师的时候,那是一个非凡的数字。而且,你知道,这跟其他外部统计数据说的不同,像是,你知道,"这个百分比的代码现在是由 AI 编写的。"我说的更多是关于整体——
**Lex Fridman:** Actual productivity.
**Sundar Pichai:** 实际的生产力。
**Sundar Pichai:** The actual productivity, right? Engineering productivity, which is two different things, and which is the more important metric. But I think it'll get better, right? And like, you know, I think there's no who, tomorrow, if you magically became 2x more productive, you're just gonna create more things, you're gonna create more value out of things. And so I think you'll find more satisfaction in your job, right? So.
**Lex Fridman:** 实际的生产力,对吧?工程生产力,这是两个不同的东西,而且是更重要的指标。但我认为它会变得更好,对吧?而且像,你知道,我认为没有人,明天,如果你神奇地变得生产力提高了 2 倍,你只会创造更多东西,你会从事物中创造更多价值。所以我认为你会在工作中找到更多满足感,对吧?所以。
**Lex Fridman:** And there's a lot of aspects. I mean, the actual Google code base might just improve, because it'll become more standardized, easier for people to move about the code base, because AI will help with that. And therefore that will also allow the AI to understand the entire code base better, which makes the engineering aspect, so I've been using Cursor a lot as a way to program with Gemini and other models, it's like, one of its powerful things is it's aware of the entire code base, and that allows you to ask questions of it, it allows the agents to move about that code base in a really powerful way. I mean, that's a huge unlock.
**Sundar Pichai:** 而且有很多方面。我是说,实际的 Google 代码库可能只会改进,因为它会变得更标准化,人们在代码库中移动会更容易,因为 AI 会帮助解决这个问题。因此那也会让 AI 更好地理解整个代码库,这使得工程方面,所以我一直在大量使用 Cursor 作为用 Gemini 和其他模型编程的方式,它的强大之处之一是它了解整个代码库,这让你可以向它提问,它让 agent 以一种真正强大的方式在代码库中移动。我是说,那是一个巨大的突破。
**Sundar Pichai:** Think about like, you know, migrations, refactoring old code bases.
**Lex Fridman:** 想想像,你知道,迁移,重构旧的代码库。
**Lex Fridman:** Refactoring, yeah.
**Sundar Pichai:** 重构,是的。
**Sundar Pichai:** Yeah, I mean, think about like, you know, once we can do all this in a much better, more robust way than where we are today.
**Lex Fridman:** 是的,我是说,想想像,你知道,一旦我们能以比今天更好、更强大的方式做所有这些。
**Lex Fridman:** I think in the end, everything will be written in JavaScript and run in Chrome. (Sundar laughing) I think it's all going to that direction. I mean, just for fun, Google has legendary coding interviews, like, rigorous interviews for the engineers. Can you comment on how that has changed in the era of AI? It's just such a weird, (laughs) you know, the whiteboard interview I assume is not allowed to have some prompts.
**Sundar Pichai:** 我觉得最终,所有东西都会用 JavaScript 写并在 Chrome 中运行。(Sundar 大笑)我觉得一切都在朝那个方向发展。我是说,开个玩笑,Google 有传奇的编程面试,对工程师有非常严格的面试。你能评论一下在 AI 时代这是如何变化的吗?这就是这么奇怪的,(笑)你知道,白板面试我假设不允许有一些 prompt。
**Sundar Pichai:** Such a good question. Look, I do think we are making sure, you know, we'll introduce at least one round of in-person interviews for people.
**Lex Fridman:** 好问题。看,我确实认为我们正在确保,你知道,我们至少会引入一轮面对面面试。
**Lex Fridman:** Yeah. (laughs)
**Sundar Pichai:** 是的。(笑)
**Sundar Pichai:** Just to make sure the fundamentals are there, I think they'll end up being important. But it's an equally important skill, look, if you can use these tools to generate better code, like, you know, I think that's an asset. And so, overall, I think it's a massive positive
**Lex Fridman:** 只是确保基础扎实,我认为那些最终会很重要。但这同样是一个重要的技能,看,如果你能使用这些工具生成更好的代码,像,你知道,我认为那是一种资产。所以总的来说,我认为这是一个巨大的积极面——
**Lex Fridman:** Vibe Coding Engineer. Do you recommend people, students interested in programming still get an education in computer science, a college education? What do you think?
**Sundar Pichai:** Vibe Coding 工程师。你是否推荐对编程感兴趣的学生仍然接受计算机科学教育,大学教育?你怎么看?
**Sundar Pichai:** I do. If you have a passion for computer science, I would. You know, computer science is obviously a lot more than programming alone. So, I would. I still don't think I would change what you pursue. I think AI will horizontally allow, impact every field, it's pretty tough to predict in what ways, so any education in which you're learning good first principles thinking I think is good education.
**Lex Fridman:** 是的。如果你对计算机科学有热情,我会的。你知道,计算机科学显然远不止编程本身。所以,我会的。我仍然不认为我会改变你追求的方向。我认为 AI 会水平地影响每个领域,很难预测以什么方式,所以任何你在学习良好的第一性原理思维的教育我认为都是好的教育。
**Lex Fridman:** You've revolutionized web browsing, you've revolutionized a lot of things over the years. Android changed the game, it's an incredible operating system, we could talk for hours about Android. What does the future of Android look like? Is it possible it becomes more and more AI-centric, especially now, throw into the mix Android XR with being able to do augmented reality, and mixed reality, and virtual reality in the physical world?
**Sundar Pichai:** 你革新了网页浏览,多年来你革新了很多东西。Android 改变了游戏规则,它是一个令人难以置信的操作系统,我们可以谈好几个小时关于 Android。Android 的未来会是什么样子?它是否有可能变得越来越以 AI 为中心,特别是现在,把 Android XR 加入其中,能够在物理世界中做增强现实、混合现实和虚拟现实?
**Sundar Pichai:** You know, the best innovations in computing have come when you are through a paradigm IO change, right? Like, you know, with GUI, with the Graphical User Interface, and then with multi-touch in the context of mobile, voice later on. Similarly, I feel like, you know, AR is that next paradigm. I think it was held back, both the system integration challenges of making good AR is very, very hard, the second thing is, you need AI to actually kind of, otherwise the IO is too complicated, for you to have a natural, seamless IO to that paradigm, AI ends up being super important. And so this is why Project Astra ends up being super critical for that Android XR world. But it is, I think when you use glasses and, you know, always been amazed, like at how useful these things are going to be. So look, I think it's a real opportunity for Android. I think XR is one way it'll kind of really come to life. But I think there's an opportunity to rethink the mobile OS too, right? I think we've been kind of living in this paradigm of like, apps and shortcuts. All that won't go away, but again, like if you're trying to get stuff done at an operating system level, you know, it needs to be more agentic so that you can kind of describe what you want to do, or like proactively understands what you're trying to do, learns from how you're doing things over and over again, and kind of is adapting to you, all that is kind of like the unlock we need to go and do.
**Lex Fridman:** 你知道,计算领域最好的创新来自于当你经历一个范式的 IO 变化的时候,对吧?像,你知道,有了 GUI,图形用户界面,然后是移动端的多点触控,后来是语音。同样地,我觉得,你知道,AR 是下一个范式。我认为它一直被阻碍,首先是制造好的 AR 的系统集成挑战非常非常困难,第二件事是,你需要 AI 来实际上,否则 IO 太复杂了,让你有一个自然的、无缝的 IO 进入那个范式,AI 最终变得超级重要。这就是为什么 Project Astra 对于那个 Android XR 世界变得超级关键。但它是,我认为当你使用眼镜的时候,你知道,一直对这些东西会有多有用感到惊奇。所以看,我认为这对 Android 来说是一个真正的机会。我认为 XR 是一种它真正能活起来的方式。但我认为也有机会重新思考移动操作系统,对吧?我认为我们一直在这种应用和快捷方式的范式中生活。所有这些不会消失,但再一次,如果你试图在操作系统层面把事情做完,你知道,它需要更加 agentic,这样你可以描述你想做什么,或者像是主动理解你在试图做什么,从你反复做事的方式中学习,并且在适应你,所有这些都是我们需要去做的解锁。
**Lex Fridman:** With the basic, efficient, minimalist UI, I've gotten a chance to try the glasses, and they're incredible. It's the little stuff, it's hard to put into words, but no latency, it just works. Even that little map demo where you look down, and you look up, and there's a very smooth transition between the two, and a very small amount of useful information is shown to you, enough not to distract from the world outside, but enough to provide a bit of context when you need it. And some of that, in order to bring that into reality, you have to solve a lot of the OS problems to make sure it works when you're integrating the AI into the whole thing. So everything you do launches an agent that answers some basic question.
**Sundar Pichai:** 有了基本的、高效的、极简的 UI,我有机会试了那个眼镜,它们太不可思议了。是那些小事情,很难用语言表达,但没有延迟,它就是能用。即使是那个小地图 demo,你向下看,然后抬头看,两者之间有一个非常流畅的过渡,只显示了非常少量有用的信息给你,足够不会让你从外面的世界分心,但足够在你需要的时候提供一些上下文。其中一些,为了把那个变成现实,你必须解决很多 OS 问题来确保当你把 AI 整合到整个系统中时它能工作。所以你做的每一件事都启动了一个回答某些基本问题的 agent。
**Sundar Pichai:** Good moonshot, you know? I love that.
**Lex Fridman:** 好的 moonshot,你知道?我喜欢那个。
**Lex Fridman:** Yeah. It's crazy.
**Sundar Pichai:** 是的。太疯狂了。
**Sundar Pichai:** No, but you know, I think we are, but it's much closer to reality than other moonshots. You know, we expect to have glasses in the hands of developers later this year, and in consumers' hands next year. So it's an exciting time.
**Lex Fridman:** 不,但你知道,我认为我们是的,但它比其他 moonshot 更接近现实。你知道,我们预计今年晚些时候将眼镜交到开发者手中,明年交到消费者手中。所以这是一个令人兴奋的时刻。
**Lex Fridman:** Yeah, well, extremely well-executed, Beam, all this stuff. You know, 'cause sometimes you don't know, like somebody commented, a top comment on one of the demos of Beam, they said, "This will either be killed off in five weeks, or revolutionize all meetings in five years." And there's very much, Google tries so many things, and sometimes, sadly, kills off very promising projects because there's so many other things to focus on. I use so many Google products, Google Voice, I still use, I'm so glad that's not being killed off, that's still alive. Thank you, whoever's defending that, 'cause it's awesome. And it's great that you keep innovating. I just wanna list off, just as a big thank you. So Search, obviously Google revolutionized. Chrome. And all of these could be multi-hour conversations. Gmail, I've been singing Gmail praises forever. Maps, incredible technological innovation on revolutionizing mapping. Android, like we talked about. YouTube, like we talked about. AdSense. Google Translate. For the academic mind, Google Scholar, it's incredible, and also the scanning of the books, so making all the world's knowledge accessible even when that knowledge is a kind of niche thing, which Google Scholar is. And then obviously with DeepMind, with Alpha Zero, AlphaFold, AlphaEvolve, I could talk forever about AlphaEvolve. That's mind blowing. All of that released. And as part of that set of things you've released in this year when those brilliant articles were written about "Google is done." And like we talked about, pioneering self-driving cars and quantum computing, which could be another thing that is low key, is scuba diving its way to changing the world forever. So another pothead/micro-kitchen question. (chuckles) If you build AGI, what kind of question would you ask it? What would you want to talk about? Definitively, Google has created AGI that can basically answer any question, what topic are you going to? (laughs) Where are you going?
**Sundar Pichai:** 是的,嗯,执行得非常好,Beam,所有这些东西。你知道,因为有时候你不知道,有人评论,在一个 Beam 的 demo 的一个热门评论中,他们说,"这要么在五周内被砍掉,要么在五年内革新所有会议。"而且非常地,Google 尝试了这么多东西,有时候,令人遗憾的是,因为有太多其他东西要关注而砍掉了非常有前景的项目。我用了很多 Google 产品,Google Voice,我仍然在用,我很高兴那个没有被砍掉,那个还活着。谢谢,不管是谁在保卫那个,因为它很棒。而且你们一直在创新这很好。我只想列一下,作为一个大大的感谢。Search,显然 Google 革新了。Chrome。所有这些都可以是好几个小时的对话。Gmail,我一直在赞美 Gmail。Maps,在革新制图方面令人难以置信的技术创新。Android,就像我们谈到的。YouTube,就像我们谈到的。AdSense。Google Translate。对于学术头脑来说,Google Scholar,它太不可思议了,还有书籍的扫描,使世界上所有的知识变得可访问,即使那些知识是一种小众的东西,Google Scholar 就是这样的。然后显然还有 DeepMind,Alpha Zero、AlphaFold、AlphaEvolve,我可以永远谈论 AlphaEvolve。那太令人震惊了。所有这些都发布了。而且作为那组东西的一部分,你们在今年发布了这些,在那些精彩的文章写着"Google 完了"的时候。就像我们谈到的,开创了自动驾驶汽车和量子计算,这可能是另一个低调的,正在潜水潜入改变世界的事物。所以另一个大麻/微型厨房问题。(笑)如果你建造了 AGI,你会问它什么样的问题?你想谈论什么?明确地说,Google 已经创造了 AGI,它基本上可以回答任何问题,你要去什么话题?(笑)你要去哪里?
**Sundar Pichai:** It's a great question. Maybe it's proactive by then and should tell me a few things I should know. But I think if I were to ask it, I think it'll help us understand ourselves much better, in a way that'll surprise us, I think. And you already see people do it with the products, but you know, in an AGI context, I think that'll be pretty powerful
**Lex Fridman:** 这是一个很好的问题。也许到那时它是主动的,应该告诉我一些我应该知道的事情。但我想如果我要问它,我认为它会帮助我们更好地理解我们自己,以一种会让我们惊讶的方式,我想。而且你已经看到人们用产品做到了这一点,但你知道,在 AGI 的背景下,我认为那会非常强大——
**Lex Fridman:** On a personal level, or a general human nature?
**Sundar Pichai:** 在个人层面,还是一般的人性层面?
**Sundar Pichai:** At a personal level, like you talking to AGI, I think there is some chance it'll kind of understand you in a very deep way, I think, you know, in a profound way. That's a possibility. I think there is also the obvious thing of like, maybe it helps us understand the universe better, you know, in a way that expands the frontiers of our understanding of the world. That is something super exciting. But look, I really don't know. I haven't had access to something that powerful yet, but I think those are all possibilities.
**Lex Fridman:** 在个人层面,就像你跟 AGI 对话,我认为有一定的可能性它会以一种非常深入的方式理解你,我想,你知道,以一种深刻的方式。那是一种可能性。我认为也有一个明显的事情,像是,也许它帮助我们更好地理解宇宙,你知道,以一种扩展我们对世界理解前沿的方式。那是非常令人兴奋的事情。但看,我真的不知道。我还没有接触到那么强大的东西,但我认为这些都是可能性。
**Lex Fridman:** I think that, on the personal level, asking questions about yourself a sequence of questions like that about what makes me happy, I think we would be very surprised to learn through those kind of, a sequence of questions and answers, it might explore some profound truths in a way that sometimes art reveals to us, great books reveal to us, great conversations with loved ones reveal things that are obvious in retrospect, but are nice when they're said. But for me, number one question is about how many alien civilizations are there? (Sundar laughing) 100%. Are they coming?
**Sundar Pichai:** 我认为,在个人层面上,问关于你自己的一系列问题,像那样关于什么让我快乐,我认为我们会非常惊讶地通过那种一系列的问答来学习,它可能会探索一些深刻的真理,就像有时候艺术向我们揭示的,伟大的书籍向我们揭示的,与亲人的伟大对话揭示的事情在事后看来是显而易见的,但当它们被说出来的时候是美好的。但对我来说,第一个问题是关于有多少外星文明?(Sundar 大笑)百分之百。它们来了吗?
**Sundar Pichai:** That's gonna be your first question?
**Lex Fridman:** 那是你的第一个问题?
**Lex Fridman:** Number one, how many living and dead alien civilizations? Maybe a bunch of follow-ups, like how close are they, are they dangerous? If there's no alien civilizations, why? Or if there's no advanced alien civilizations, but bacteria-like life everywhere, why? What is the barrier preventing it from getting to that? Is it because that when you get sufficiently intelligent, you end up destroying ourselves? Because you need competition in order to develop an advanced civilization, and when you have competitions going to lead to military conflict, and conflict eventually kills everybody? I don't know, I'm gonna have that kind of discussion.
**Sundar Pichai:** 第一,有多少活着的和已死的外星文明?也许还有一堆后续问题,像是它们有多近,它们危险吗?如果没有外星文明,为什么?或者如果没有高级外星文明,但到处都有类似细菌的生命,为什么?是什么阻碍了它发展到那个程度?是因为当你足够聪明的时候,你最终会毁灭自己吗?因为你需要竞争才能发展出先进的文明,而当你有竞争的时候会导致军事冲突,而冲突最终会杀死所有人?我不知道,我会进行那种讨论。
**Sundar Pichai:** You get an answer to the Fermi Paradox, yeah?
**Lex Fridman:** 你得到了 Fermi 悖论的答案,是吧?
**Lex Fridman:** Exactly. And like have a real discussion about it. I'm not sure, I'm realizing now with your answer, it's a more productive answer, (Sundar laughing) 'cause I'm not sure what I'm gonna do with that information. But maybe it speaks to the general human curiosity that Liz talked about, that we're all just really curious, and making the world's information accessible allows our curiosity to be satiated some, with AI, even more, we can be more and more curious, and learn more about the world, about ourselves. In so doing, and I always wonder if, I don't know if you can comment on, like, is it possible to measure, not the GDP productivity increase like we talked about, but maybe the whatever that increases, the breadth and depth of human knowledge that Google has unlocked with Google Search, and now with AI Mode with Gemini, it's a difficult thing to measure.
**Sundar Pichai:** 正是。而且像是进行一场真正的讨论。我不确定,我现在意识到从你的回答来看,那是一个更有成效的回答,(Sundar 大笑)因为我不确定我要用那个信息做什么。但也许它说明了 Lex 谈到的那种普遍的人类好奇心,我们都只是真的很好奇,而让世界上的信息变得可访问让我们的好奇心得到一些满足,有了 AI,更是如此,我们可以更加好奇,了解更多关于世界的、关于我们自己的。在这样做的过程中,我一直在想,我不知道你能不能评论一下,像是,是否有可能衡量的,不是我们谈到的 GDP 生产力增长,而是也许那个增加的东西,Google 通过 Google Search 解锁的人类知识的广度和深度,现在有了 AI Mode 和 Gemini,这是一个很难衡量的东西。
**Sundar Pichai:** Many years ago, there was, I think it was a MIT study, they just estimated the impact of Google Search, and they basically said it's the equivalent to, on a per person basis, it's a few thousands of dollars per year, per person, right? Like, it's the value that got created per year, right? But yeah, it's tough to capture these things, right? Like you kind of take it for granted as these things come and the frontier keeps moving. But, you know, how do you measure the value of something like AlphaFold over time, right? And so on.
**Lex Fridman:** 很多年前,有一个,我想是 MIT 的研究,他们只是估算了 Google Search 的影响,他们基本上说这相当于,按人均算,每年每人几千美元,对吧?就像,它是每年创造的价值,对吧?但是是的,很难捕捉这些东西,对吧?就像你在这些东西出现和前沿不断推进的时候,你有点把它们当作理所当然。但是,你知道,你怎么衡量像 AlphaFold 随时间推移的价值,对吧?等等。
**Lex Fridman:** And also the increasing quality of life when you learn more. I have to say like, with some of the programming I do done by AI, for some reason I'm more excited to program.
**Sundar Pichai:** 还有当你学到更多的时候生活质量的提高。我不得不说,用一些 AI 完成的编程,出于某种原因我对编程更兴奋了。
**Sundar Pichai:** Yeah.
**Lex Fridman:** 是的。
**Lex Fridman:** And so the same with knowledge, with discovering things about the world, it makes you more excited to be alive, it makes you more curious, and the more curious you are, the more exciting it is to live and experience the world. And it's very hard to, I don't know if that makes you more productive, probably not nearly as much as it makes you happy to be alive. And that's a hard thing to measure, the quality of life increases some of these things do. As AI continues to get better and better at everything that humans do, what do you think is the biggest thing that makes us humans special?
**Sundar Pichai:** 对知识也是一样,对发现世界的事物,它让你对活着更兴奋,它让你更好奇,你越好奇,活着和体验世界就越令人兴奋。而且很难,我不知道那是否让你更有生产力,可能远不如它让你对活着感到快乐。这是一个很难衡量的东西,一些这些事情带来的生活质量的提升。随着 AI 在人类所做的一切方面变得越来越好,你认为让我们人类特别的最大的东西是什么?
**Sundar Pichai:** Look, I think, it's tough, I mean, the essence of humanity, there's something about, you know, the consciousness we have, what makes us uniquely human, maybe the lines will blur over time, (chuckles) and it's tough to articulate. But hopefully, you know, we live in a world where if you make resources more plentiful, and make the world less of a zero sum game over time, right, which it's not, but, you know, in a resource-constrained environment, people perceive it to be, right? And so I hope the values of what makes us uniquely human, empathy, kindness, all that, surfaces more, is the aspirational hope I have.
**Lex Fridman:** 看,我认为,这很难,我是说,人性的本质,有一些关于,你知道,我们拥有的意识,让我们独特地成为人类的东西,也许界限会随着时间模糊,(笑)而且很难表达。但希望,你知道,我们生活在一个世界里,如果你让资源更加充裕,让世界随着时间变得更少零和博弈,对吧,虽然它不是,但是,你知道,在一个资源受限的环境中,人们会认为它是,对吧?所以我希望让我们独特地成为人类的价值观,同理心、善良,所有那些,更多地浮现出来,这是我抱有的理想化希望。
**Lex Fridman:** Yeah, it multiplies the compassion, but also the curiosity, just the banter, the debates we'll have about the meaning of it all. And I also think in the scientific domains, all the incredible work that DeepMind is doing, I think we'll still continue to play, to explore scientific questions, mathematical questions, physics questions, even as AI gets better and better at helping us solve some of the questions. Because sometimes the question itself is the really difficult thing.
**Sundar Pichai:** 是的,它倍增了同情心,也倍增了好奇心,只是那些闲聊,关于这一切意义的辩论。我也认为在科学领域,DeepMind 正在做的所有令人难以置信的工作,我认为我们仍然会继续玩耍,探索科学问题、数学问题、物理问题,即使 AI 在帮助我们解决一些问题方面变得越来越好。因为有时候问题本身才是真正困难的事情。
**Sundar Pichai:** Well, the right new questions to ask, and the answers to them, and the self-discovery process which it'll drive, I think. You know, our early work with both co-scientist and AlphaEvolve, just is super exciting to see.
**Lex Fridman:** 嗯,提出正确的新问题,以及它们的答案,以及它将驱动的自我发现过程,我想。你知道,我们在 co-scientist 和 AlphaEvolve 方面的早期工作,看到它真的超级令人兴奋。
**Lex Fridman:** What gives you hope about the future of human civilization?
**Sundar Pichai:** 什么给你对人类文明未来的希望?
**Sundar Pichai:** Look, I'm an optimist and, you know, now, if you were to say you take the journey of human civilization, it's been, you know, we've relentlessly made the world better, right? In many ways, at any given moment in time, there are big issues to work through, it may look, but, you know, I always ask myself the question, would you have been born now, or any other time in the past? I most often, not most often, almost always would rather be born now. Right, you know? (laughs) And so that's the extraordinary thing that human civilization has accomplished, right? And like, you know, and we've kind of constantly made the world a better place. And so something tells me, as humanity, we always rise collectively to drive that frontier forward. So I expect it to be no different in the future.
**Lex Fridman:** 看,我是一个乐观主义者,而且,你知道,如果你说你纵观人类文明的旅程,它一直是,你知道,我们无情地让世界变得更好,对吧?在很多方面,在任何给定的时间点,有很大的问题需要解决,它可能看起来,但是,你知道,我总是问自己一个问题,你是想出生在现在,还是过去的任何其他时间?我最经常的,不是最经常的,几乎总是宁愿出生在现在。对吧,你知道?(笑)所以这就是人类文明所取得的非凡成就,对吧?而且像,你知道,我们一直不断地让世界成为一个更好的地方。所以有什么东西告诉我,作为人类,我们总是集体地站起来推动那个前沿向前。所以我期望未来不会有什么不同。
**Lex Fridman:** I agree with you totally. I'm truly grateful to be alive in this moment, and I'm also really excited for the future, and the work you and incredible teams here are doing is one of the big reasons I'm excited for the future, so thank you, thank you for all the cool products you've built, and please don't kill Google Voice. (laughs) (Sundar laughing) Thank you.
**Sundar Pichai:** 我完全同意你。我真的很感激能活在这个时刻,我也对未来真的很兴奋,而你和这里令人难以置信的团队所做的工作是我对未来感到兴奋的重要原因之一,所以谢谢你,谢谢你建造的所有酷产品,请不要杀掉 Google Voice。(笑)(Sundar 大笑)谢谢。
**Sundar Pichai:** We won't. Yeah. (laughs) (Lex laughing)
**Lex Fridman:** 我们不会的。是的。(笑)(Lex 笑)
**Lex Fridman:** Thank you for talking today, this was incredible. Thank you.
**Sundar Pichai:** 谢谢你今天的对话,这太不可思议了。谢谢。
**Sundar Pichai:** Real pleasure, appreciated.
**Lex Fridman:** 真的很愉快,感谢。
**Lex Fridman:** Thanks for listening to this conversation with Sundar Pichai. To support this podcast, please check out our sponsors in the description, or at lexfridman.com/sponsors. Shortly before this conversation, I got a chance to get a couple of demos that frankly blew my mind, the engineering was really impressive. The first demo was Google Beam, and the second demo was the XR glasses. And some of it was caught on video, so I thought I would include here some of those video clips.
**Andrew:** 感谢收听这次与 Sundar Pichai 的对话。要支持这个播客,请在描述中查看我们的赞助商,或者在 lexfridman.com/sponsors。在这次对话之前不久,我有机会看到了几个坦率说让我大吃一惊的 demo,工程水平真的令人印象深刻。第一个 demo 是 Google Beam,第二个 demo 是 XR 眼镜。其中一些被拍成了视频,所以我想在这里包含一些视频片段。
**Andrew:** Hey, Lex, my name's Andrew, I lead the Google Beam team, and we're gonna be excited to show you a demo. We'r gonna show you, I think, a glimpse of something new. So that's the idea, a way to connect, a way to feel present from anywhere with anybody you care about. Here's Google Beam. This is a development platform that we've built. So there's a prototype here of Google Beam, there's one right down the hallway, I'm gonna go down and turn that on in a second, we're gonna experience it together, we'll be back in the same room.
**Lex Fridman:** 嘿,Lex,我叫 Andrew,我领导 Google Beam 团队,我们很兴奋给你展示一个 demo。我们要给你看的是,我认为是某种新事物的一瞥。所以这就是这个想法,一种连接方式,一种从任何地方与你关心的任何人一起感到在场的方式。这是 Google Beam。这是我们建造的一个开发平台。所以这里有一个 Google Beam 的原型,走廊那边还有一个,我一会儿要过去把那个打开,我们要一起体验它,我们会回到同一个房间。
**Lex Fridman:** Wonderful. (device chiming) Whoa, okay.
**Andrew:** 太好了。(设备发出声音)哇,好的。
**Andrew:** Hey, Lex. Here we are. All right. (Lex laughing)
**Lex Fridman:** 嘿,Lex。我们来了。好了。(Lex 笑)
**Lex Fridman:** This is real already. Wow.
**Andrew:** 这已经是真的了。哇。
**Andrew:** This is real.
**Lex Fridman:** 这是真的。
**Lex Fridman:** Wow.
**Andrew:** 哇。
**Andrew:** Good to see you. This is Google Beam. We're trying to make it feel like you and I could be anywhere in the world, but when these magic windows open, we're back together. I see you exactly the same way you see me. It's almost like we're sitting at the table sharing a table together.
**Lex Fridman:** 很高兴见到你。这是 Google Beam。我们正在尝试让你和我可以在世界任何地方的感觉,但当这些魔法窗户打开的时候,我们又在一起了。我看到你的方式和你看到我的方式完全一样。就好像我们坐在桌子旁共享一张桌子。
**Lex Fridman:** Yeah.
**Andrew:** 是的。
**Andrew:** I could learn from you, talk to you, share a meal with you, get to know you, or shake hands.
**Lex Fridman:** 我可以向你学习,跟你交谈,与你共享一顿饭,了解你,或者握手。
**Lex Fridman:** So you can feel the depth of this.
**Andrew:** 所以你能感受到这个的深度。
**Andrew:** Yeah. Great to meet you.
**Lex Fridman:** 是的。很高兴认识你。
**Lex Fridman:** Wow. Wow. So for people who probably can't even imagine what this looks like, there's a 3D version of it, it looks real. You look real.
**Andrew:** 哇。哇。所以对于可能无法想象这看起来是什么样子的人们,有一个 3D 版本,它看起来很真实。你看起来很真实。
**Andrew:** Yeah, it looks real to me, it looks real to you.
**Lex Fridman:** 是的,对我来说它看起来很真实,对你来说也看起来很真实。
**Lex Fridman:** It looks like you're coming out of the screen.
**Andrew:** 看起来像你从屏幕里出来了。
**Andrew:** We quickly believe, once we're in Beam, that we're just together.
**Lex Fridman:** 我们很快就相信了,一旦我们在 Beam 中,我们就是在一起的。
**Lex Fridman:** Yeah.
**Andrew:** 是的。
**Andrew:** Like, you settle into it, you're naturally attuned to seeing the world like this, and you just get used to seeing people this way, but literally from anywhere in the world with these magic screens.
**Lex Fridman:** 就像,你安定下来,你自然地适应了这样看世界,你就习惯了这样看人,但确确实实是从世界任何地方通过这些魔法屏幕。
**Lex Fridman:** This is incredible.
**Andrew:** 这太不可思议了。
**Andrew:** So it's a neat technology.
**Lex Fridman:** 所以这是一项很酷的技术。
**Lex Fridman:** Wow. So I saw demos of this, but they don't come close to the experience of this. I think one of the top YouTube comments and one of the demos I saw was like, "Why would I want a high definition? I'm trying to turn off the camera." But this actually is, this feels like the camera's been turned off, and we're just in the same room together. This is really compelling.
**Andrew:** 哇。所以我看过这个的 demo,但它们远不及这个的体验。我想 YouTube 上的一个热门评论在我看过的一个 demo 中说,"为什么我会想要一个高清?我正试图关掉摄像头。"但这实际上是,这感觉就像摄像头已经被关掉了,我们只是在同一个房间里。这真的很有说服力。
**Andrew:** That's right. I know it's kind of late in the day too, so I brought you a snack just in case you're a little bit hungry.
**Lex Fridman:** 没错。我知道今天也有点晚了,所以我给你带了一点零食,以防你有点饿。
**Lex Fridman:** So what, can you push it farther, and it just becomes-
**Andrew:** 那什么,你能把它推远一点,然后它就变成——
**Andrew:** Yeah, let's try to float it between rooms, you know, it kind of fades it from my room into yours.
**Lex Fridman:** 是的,让我们试着在房间之间传递它,你知道,它会从我的房间淡入到你的房间。
**Lex Fridman:** And then you see my hand, the depth of my hand.
**Andrew:** 然后你看到我的手,我的手的深度。
**Andrew:** Yeah, of course. Yes. Of course, yeah, it feels like, try this, try to give me a high five, and there's almost a sensation of being touched.
**Lex Fridman:** 是的,当然。是的。当然了,是的,感觉就像,试试这个,试着给我击个掌,几乎有一种被触碰的感觉。
**Lex Fridman:** Yeah.
**Andrew:** 是的。
**Andrew:** You almost feel, because you're so attuned to, you know, that should be a high five, it feeling like you could connect with somebody that way.
**Lex Fridman:** 你几乎能感觉到,因为你是如此习惯于,你知道,那应该是一个击掌,感觉就像你能以那种方式与某人连接。
**Lex Fridman:** Yeah.
**Andrew:** 是的。
**Andrew:** So it's kinda a magical experience.
**Lex Fridman:** 所以这是一种神奇的体验。
**Lex Fridman:** Oh, this is really nice. How much does it cost?
**Andrew:** 哦,这真的很棒。它要多少钱?
**Andrew:** Yeah. (Lex and Andrew laughing)
**Lex Fridman:** 是的。(Lex 和 Andrew 笑)
**Lex Fridman:** We got a lot of companies testing it, we just announced that we're gonna be bringing it to offices soon as a set of products. We've got some companies helping us build these screens. But eventually, I think this will be in almost every screen.
**Lex Fridman:** 我们有很多公司在测试它,我们刚宣布我们将很快把它带到办公室作为一组产品。我们有一些公司帮助我们制造这些屏幕。但最终,我认为这会出现在几乎每个屏幕上。
**Lex Fridman:** There's nothing, I'm not wearing anything, well, I'm wearing a suit and tie.
**Andrew:** 没有什么,我什么都没戴,嗯,我穿着西装打着领带。
**Andrew:** I would hope so.
**Lex Fridman:** 我希望如此。
**Lex Fridman:** To clarify, (Andrew laughing) I am wearing clothes. This is not CGI. But outside of that, cool. And the audio's really good, and you can see me in the same three-dimensional way.
**Andrew:** 澄清一下,(Andrew 笑)我穿着衣服。这不是 CGI。但除此之外,酷。而且音频真的很好,你也能以同样的三维方式看到我。
**Andrew:** Yeah, the audio's spatialized. So if I'm talking from here, of course it sounds like I'm talking from here, you know, if I move to the other side of the room, from here.
**Lex Fridman:** 是的,音频是空间化的。所以如果我从这里说话,当然听起来就像我从这里说话,你知道,如果我移动到房间的另一边,从这里。
**Lex Fridman:** Wow.
**Andrew:** 哇。
**Andrew:** So these little subtle cues, these really matter to bring people together. All the nonverbals, all the emotion, the things that are lost today, here it is, we put it back into the system.
**Lex Fridman:** 所以这些微妙的线索,这些真的很重要,把人们聚在一起。所有的非语言信号,所有的情感,今天丢失的那些东西,在这里,我们把它放回了系统中。
**Lex Fridman:** You pulled this off. Holy shit. They pulled it off. And integrated into this, I saw the translation also. Right? This is the-
**Andrew:** 你们做到了。天哪。他们做到了。而且整合到这里面,我还看到了翻译功能。对吧?这是——
**Andrew:** Yeah, we've got a bunch of things. Let me show you a couple kind of cool things. But let's do a little bit of work together. Maybe we could critique one of your latest. (Lex laughing) So, you know, you and I work together, so of course we're in the same room, but with this superpower, I can bring other things in here with me. And it's nice, you know, it's like we could sit together, we could watch something, we could work, we've shared meals as a team together in this system. But once you do the presence aspect of this, you wanna bring some other superpowers to it.
**Lex Fridman:** 是的,我们有很多东西。让我给你展示几个很酷的东西。但让我们一起做一些工作。也许我们可以评论一下你最近的一个。(Lex 笑)所以,你知道,你和我一起工作,所以当然我们在同一个房间,但有了这个超能力,我可以把其他东西带进来。而且很好,你知道,就像我们可以坐在一起,我们可以看东西,我们可以工作,我们作为一个团队在这个系统中一起吃过饭。但一旦你做了在场感这个方面,你就想给它带来一些其他的超能力。
**Lex Fridman:** And so you could review code together.
**Andrew:** 所以你们可以一起 review 代码。
**Andrew:** Yeah, yeah, exactly. I've got some slides I'm working on, you know, maybe you could help me with this. Keep your eyes on me for a second. I'll slide back into the center, I didn't really move, but the system just kind of puts us in the right spot, and knows where we need to be.
**Lex Fridman:** 是的,是的,没错。我有一些正在做的幻灯片,你知道,也许你能帮我看看这个。先看着我一会儿。我会滑回中心,我并没有真的移动,但系统只是把我们放在正确的位置,知道我们需要在哪里。
**Lex Fridman:** Oh, so you just turn to your laptop, the system moves you, and then it does the overlay automatically?
**Andrew:** 哦,所以你只是转向你的笔记本电脑,系统移动你,然后它自动做叠加?
**Andrew:** It kind of morphs the room to put things in the spot that they need to be in. Everything has a place in the room, everything has a sense of presence or spatial consistency, and that kind of makes it feel like we're together, with us and other things.
**Lex Fridman:** 它会变形房间来把东西放在它们需要在的位置。所有东西在房间里都有一个位置,所有东西都有在场感或空间一致性的感觉,这就让它感觉像我们在一起,我们和其他东西。
**Lex Fridman:** I should also say, you're not just three-dimensional, it feels like you're leaning like, out of the screen. You're like coming out of the screen. You're not just in that world. Three-dimensional. Yeah, exactly. Holy crap. Move back to center. Okay, okay, okay.
**Andrew:** 我还应该说,你不只是三维的,感觉就像你在倾斜着,从屏幕里出来。你像是从屏幕里出来了。你不只是在那个世界里。三维的。是的,没错。天哪。回到中心。好的好的好的。
**Andrew:** Let me tell you how this works. You probably already have the premise of it, but there's two things.
**Lex Fridman:** 让我告诉你这是怎么工作的。你可能已经知道前提了,但有两件事。
**Lex Fridman:** Yeah.
**Andrew:** 是的。
**Andrew:** Two really hard things that we put together. One is a AI video model, so there's a set of cameras, you asked kind of about those earlier. There's six colored cameras, just like webcams that we have today, taking video streams, and feeding them into our AI model, and turning that into a 3D video of you and I. It's effectively a light field. So it's kind of an interactive 3D video you can see from any perspective. That's transmitted over to the second thing, and that's a light field display, and it's happening bidirectionally. I see you, and you see me, both, in our light field displays. These are effectively flat televisions, or flat displays, but they have the sense of dimensionality, depth, size is correct, you can see shadows and lighting are correct. And everything's correct from your vantage point. So if you move around ever so slightly and I hold still, you see a different perspective here, you see kind of things that were occluded become revealed. You see shadows that, you know, move in the way they should move. All of that's computed and generated using our AI video model for you. It's based on your eye position, where does the right scene need to be placed in this light field display for you just to feel present.
**Lex Fridman:** 两件非常困难的事情我们放在了一起。一个是 AI 视频模型,所以有一组摄像头,你之前问过那些。有六个彩色摄像头,就像我们今天用的网络摄像头一样,拍摄视频流,并把它们输入我们的 AI 模型,把它转变成你和我的 3D 视频。它实际上是一个光场。所以它是一种交互式 3D 视频,你可以从任何角度看到。那被传输到第二个东西,那是一个光场显示器,而且它是双向发生的。我看到你,你看到我,都在我们的光场显示器中。这些实际上是平面电视,或平面显示器,但它们有维度感、深度感,尺寸是正确的,你可以看到阴影和光线是正确的。而且从你的有利位置来看一切都是正确的。所以如果你稍微移动一下而我保持不动,你会看到一个不同的视角,你会看到一些被遮挡的东西变得可见。你看到阴影以它们应该移动的方式移动。所有这些都是用我们的 AI 视频模型为你计算和生成的。它基于你的眼睛位置,正确的场景需要被放置在这个光场显示器的什么位置才能让你感到在场。
**Lex Fridman:** It's real time. No latency. I'm not seeing latency. You weren't freezing up at all.
**Andrew:** 这是实时的。没有延迟。我没看到延迟。你一点都没有卡顿。
**Andrew:** No, no, I hope not. I think it's you and I together, real time, that's what you need for real communication, and at a quality level that is-
**Lex Fridman:** 不,不,我希望没有。我觉得这就是你和我在一起,实时的,这就是你进行真正交流所需要的,而且质量水平是——
**Lex Fridman:** This is awesome.
**Andrew:** 这太棒了。
**Andrew:** Realistic.
**Lex Fridman:** 逼真的。
**Lex Fridman:** Is it possible to do three people? Like is that gonna move that way also?
**Andrew:** 可以做三个人吗?就像那也会朝那个方向发展吗?
**Andrew:** Yeah, let me kind show you. So if she enters the room with us, you can see her, you can see me. And if we had more people, you eventually lose a sense of presence, you kind of shrink people down, you lose a sense of scale. So think of it as the window fits a certain number of people, if you want to fit a big group of people, you want, you know, the boardroom, or the big room, you need like a much wider window. If you wanna see, you know, just grandma and the kids, you can do smaller windows. So everybody has a seat at the table, or everybody has a sense of where they belong, and there's kinda this sense of presence that's obeyed. If you have too many people, you kind of go back to like 2D metaphors that we're used to, people in tiles, placed anywhere.
**Lex Fridman:** 是的,让我给你展示一下。所以如果她和我们一起进入房间,你可以看到她,你可以看到我。如果我们有更多人,你最终会失去在场感,你会把人缩小,你会失去比例感。所以把它想成窗户适合一定数量的人,如果你想容纳一大群人,你想要,你知道,会议室,或大房间,你需要一个更宽的窗户。如果你想看,你知道,只是奶奶和孩子们,你可以用更小的窗户。所以每个人在桌子旁都有一个位置,或者每个人都有属于他们的位置的感觉,有这种被遵守的在场感。如果你有太多人,你就会回到我们习惯的 2D 隐喻,人们在瓷砖中,放在任何地方。
**Lex Fridman:** For the image I'm seeing, did you have to get scanned?
**Andrew:** 对于我看到的图像,你需要被扫描吗?
**Andrew:** I mean I see you without being scanned, so it's just so much easier if you don't have to wear anything, you don't have to pre-scan. You just do it the way it's supposed to happen without anybody having to learn anything or put anything on.
**Lex Fridman:** 我是说我不需要被扫描就能看到你,所以如果你不需要穿戴任何东西,不需要预先扫描就容易多了。你只需要以它应该发生的方式做它,不需要任何人学习任何东西或穿戴任何东西。
**Lex Fridman:** I thought you had to solve the scanning problem, but here you don't. It's just cameras. It's just vision.
**Andrew:** 我以为你必须解决扫描问题,但这里你没有。只是摄像头。只是视觉。
**Andrew:** It's video. Yeah, we're not trying to kind of make an approximation of you. Because everything you do every day matters, you know? I cut myself shaving, I put on a pin, all the little kind of, you know, aspects of you, those just happen. We don't have the time to scan, or kind of capture those, or dress avatars, we kind of appear as we appear. And so all that's transmitted truthfully as it's happening.
**Lex Fridman:** 是视频。是的,我们并不试图做一个你的近似。因为你每天做的每件事都很重要,你知道?我刮胡子刮伤了,我戴了一个别针,所有这些小的,你知道,你的方面,那些就是发生了。我们没有时间去扫描,或者捕捉那些,或者给头像穿衣服,我们以我们出现的样子出现。所以所有这些都在发生的时候被真实地传输。
**Lex Fridman:** Hey. (laughs)
**Andrew:** 嘿。(笑)
**Andrew:** Chris, how you doing?
**Chris:** Chris,你好吗?
**Chris:** Good to meet you.
**Lex Fridman:** 很高兴认识你。
**Lex Fridman:** Nice to meet you.
**Chris:** 很高兴认识你。所以,正如 Max 提到的,我这里有眼镜,我们从一副很好的眼镜的基础开始,时尚的、轻便的、可佩戴的,我们说,"我们怎么在上面构建优秀的技术和体验?"Android XR 平台的核心原则之一,这个多模态对话式设备的想法,看到你看到的,听到你听到的。所以你有一个摄像头,你有扬声器,多个麦克风用于说话者隔离。我会给你机会自己试试这些。是的,抱歉,我刚才唤醒了它。
**Chris:** So, as Max mentioned, I got the glasses here, we start with a foundation of great glasses, something stylish, lightweight, wearable, and we say, "How can we build great technology and experiences on top of that?" One of the core tenets of the Android XR platform, this idea of a multimodal conversational device, see what you see, what you hear. So you've got a camera, you've got speakers, multiple microphones for speaker isolation. I'll give you a chance to try these yourself. Yeah, sorry, I woke it up there.
**Lex Fridman:** 哇。
**Lex Fridman:** Whoa.
**Chris:** 是的。所以你看到的第一件事是一个超级简单、直接的主屏幕。
**Chris:** Yeah. So the first thing you see is a super simple, straightforward home screen.
**Lex Fridman:** 是的。
**Lex Fridman:** Yes.
**Chris:** 所以你可能看到时间、天气、日历约会在那里。这被设计为你全天快速、可浏览信息的一站式商店。我们希望它是容易的,你知道,得到你需要的,然后回去做你正在做的事情。所以你可以想象,你知道,打开显示器,快速看一眼,然后继续走你的路。你现在可以完全对话式地使用,你可以提问,例如关于画作,你可以打断,你可以问后续问题。而且正如我之前提到的,如果你想在任何时候暂停,你只需要点击右边那里。
**Chris:** So you probably see the time, the weather, calendar appointments there. This is designed to be sort of your one-stop shop for quick, glanceable information throughout the day. We want it to be something that's easy to, you know, get what you need, and then go back to what you're doing. So you can imagine, you know, turning on the display, getting that quick glance, and then continuing on your way. You can be fully conversational at this point, you can ask questions, for example about the paintings, you can interrupt, you can ask follow up questions. And as I mentioned before, if you want to, at any time, pause, you just tap there on the right.
**Lex Fridman:** Gemini,这幅画要多少钱?
**Lex Fridman:** Gemini, how much does this painting cost?
**Gemini:** 这幅画叫做"路易·菲利普桥,1875",作者是 Armand Guillaumin。它看起来是一幅印刷品,在找到卖家之前不可能知道它的价格。
**Gemini:** The painting is called, "The Bridge of Louis Philippe, 1875," by Armand Guillaumin. It appears to be a print, and it would be impossible to know its cost without finding the seller.
**Lex Fridman:** 好的,所以这是假的。我明白了。为什么人类为画付这么多钱?
**Lex Fridman:** Okay, so this is fake. I understand. Why do humans pay so much money for paintings?
**Gemini:** 人们为画付很多钱是因为它们的艺术价值,艺术家的画作有一定的稀有性,以及对艺术的欣赏。
**Gemini:** People pay a lot for paintings because of their artistic merit, the artist's painting has a decent rarity, and for the appreciation of art.
**Chris:** 所以,还有几件我想给你展示的事情,为了节省时间,你能长按侧面让 Gemini 休眠吗?好的。你上周看到 Google Audio 了吗?
**Chris:** So, a few more things that I wanna show you, just for sake of time, would you go ahead and long press on the side again to sleep Gemini there? There you go. Did you catch Google Audio last week by any chance?
**Lex Fridman:** 是的。
**Lex Fridman:** Yes.
**Chris:** 所以你可能在台上非常简短地看到了 Google Maps 的体验。想给你一个感受一下今天那是什么感觉的机会。你可以想象你在街上走。如果你像直走一样抬头看,你会得到快速的转弯指示,所以你有一种——(Lex 鼓掌)
**Chris:** So you might've seen on stage the Google Maps experience very briefly. Wanted to give you a chance to get a sense of what that feels like today. You can imagine you're walking down the street. If you look up like you're walking straight ahead, you get quick turn-by-turn directions, so you have a sense of- (Lex clapping)
**Lex Fridman:** 哇。
**Lex Fridman:** Whoa.
**Chris:** 下一个转弯是什么样的感觉。
**Chris:** What the next turn is like.
**Lex Fridman:** 太好了。
**Lex Fridman:** Nice.
**Chris:** 让你的手机留在口袋里。
**Chris:** Keeping your phone in your pocket.
**Lex Fridman:** 哦,那太直觉了。
**Lex Fridman:** Oh, that's so intuitive.
**Chris:** 有时候你需要那种快速的感觉,哪个方向是对的。
**Chris:** Sometimes you need that quick sense of which way's the right way.
**Lex Fridman:** 是的有时候。每次。
**Lex Fridman:** Yeah, sometimes. Every time.
**Chris:** 是的,所以,假设你从地铁出来,下了出租车,你只需要看一下你的脚下。我们设置了从俄语翻译到英语。我来戴眼镜,你跟我说话,如果你不介意的话。
**Chris:** Yeah so, let's say you're coming outta the subway, getting out of a cab, you can just glance down at your feet. We have it set up to translate from Russian to English. I get to wear the glasses, you speak to me, if you don't mind.
**Lex Fridman:** 我会说俄语。(Lex 说俄语)
**Lex Fridman:** I can speak Russian. (Lex speaking Russian)
**Chris:** 我很好。你怎么样?
**Chris:** I'm doing well. How are you doing?
**Lex Fridman:** 想骂人,想说不合适的话。(在场的人笑)(Lex 说俄语)
**Lex Fridman:** Tempted to swear, tempted to say inappropriate things. (attendees laughing) (Lex speaking Russian)
**Chris:** 我看到它实时转写了,所以,显然,你知道,基于不同的语言和主语动词的顺序,有时候有一点延迟,但它真的就像是现实世界的字幕。酷。
**Chris:** I see it transcribed in real time, and so, obviously, you know, based on the different languages and the sequence of subjects and verbs, there's a slight delay sometimes, but it's really just like subtitles for the real world. Cool.
**Lex Fridman:** 谢谢你展示这些。
**Lex Fridman:** Thank you for this.
**Lex Fridman:** 好的,回到我。希望看着我像"2001太空漫游"中的猿类玩弄黑石的视频被吓到多少有些有趣。就像我说的,我印象非常深刻。现在我想,如果可以的话,我可以对这一集做一些额外的评论,以及一般性的评论。在这个对话中是 Sundar Pichai,我讨论了新石器时代一揽子方案的概念,即大约 12,000 年前第一次农业革命所伴随的那组创新,包括社会等级的形成、早期的原始政府形式、劳动专业化、植物和动物的驯化、早期的贸易形式、人类的大规模合作,就像建造金字塔和寺庙所需要的,像哥贝克力石阵。我认为这可能是谈论改变人类历史的发明的正确方式,不仅仅是单一的发明,而是伴随着它的一种创新和变革的网络。而且我在这一集中提到的生产力倍增器框架我认为是一种很好的方式来尝试具体化正在考虑的每一项发明的影响。而且我们必须记住,这种快速跟进发明网络中的每个节点本身就是一个生产力倍增器,有些是加法的,有些是乘法的。所以在某种意义上,包中网络的大小是当你试图排列发明对人类历史影响时最重要的东西。对于最大变革时期的容易选择,至少在现代话语中,是工业革命,或者甚至是 20 世纪的计算机或互联网。我认为这是因为对现代人来说最容易直觉理解那些技术的影响,指数级的影响。但最近,我想这每周都在变,但我一直在大量阅读关于古代人类历史的书,所以最近我选的第一发明必须是第一次农业革命,导致人类文明形成的新石器时代一揽子方案。那是使人类集体智慧机器能够规模化的东西,让我们成为接下来一万年技术进步的早期引导程序,这,是的,包括 AI,以及建立在 AI 之上的技术。当然可以争论"发明"这个词并不完全适用于农业革命。我觉得实际上 Yuval Noah Harari 认为发明者不是人类,而是少数几种植物物种,即小麦、水稻和土豆。这严格来说是一个公平的观点,但我在享受这个讨论,就像我说的。在这里,我只是把整个地球想成一个不断变化的系统,我在那个背景下使用"发明"这个术语,问的问题是人类进步的对数尺度图上最大的飞跃是什么时候。AI、AGI、ASI 最终会在这个排名中占据第一的位置吗?我认为它有很大的机会这样做,同样是因为伴随它而来的发明网络的大小。我想我们在这个播客中讨论了所谓的 AI 一揽子方案中会包含什么样的东西,但我认为还有更多的可能性,包括在以前的播客中讨论过的,在很多以前的播客中。包括与 Dario Amodei 讨论的,关于生物创新方面,科学进步方面。在这个播客中,我认为我们谈到了一些我在近期特别兴奋的事情,那就是解锁整个人类物种大脑景观的认知能力,通过教育和机器翻译使其更加可获得,使信息、知识、快速学习和创新过程对更多人类可获得,对全部 80 亿人,如果你愿意的话。所以我确实认为语言,或者机器翻译,应用到我们在互联网上用来发现知识的所有不同方法上是一个大的解锁。但在所谓的 AI 一揽子方案中还有很多其他东西,像与 Dario 讨论的那样,治愈所有主要人类疾病,他在"Machines of Loving Grace"这篇文章中真的专注于那个。我认为人类程序员和半自主人类程序员的生产力会有巨大的飞跃,所以人类在回路中,但大部分编程由 AI agent 完成。然后朝着一个超人类 AI 研究者的方向发展,这个研究者做着开发和编程 AI 系统本身的研究。我认为自动驾驶汽车会有巨大的变革性影响。这些是我们也许不会立即理解的事情,或者我们从经济角度理解,但会有一个时刻,AI 系统能够以足够的程度解释、理解、与人类世界互动,使得我们依赖的许多手动控制的人类在回路系统变得完全自主。而且我认为移动性是人类文明中如此重要的一部分,以至于会有不仅仅是经济上的影响,还有社会的、文化的等等。还有更多我可以谈论很长时间的事情,所以,显然,AI 在艺术、电影、音乐创作中的整合和利用。我认为政府基本功能的数字化和自动化,然后将 AI 整合到那个过程中,从而减少腐败和成本,增加透明度和效率。我认为我们,作为人类,个体人类,会越来越多地过渡到赛博格。某种程度上已经有 AI 在人类状况的回路中了,而且随着 AI 变得更强大,这将越来越如此。我显然真正兴奋的事情是科学方面的重大突破,不只是在医学前沿,而是在物理学方面,基础物理学,这将然后导致能源突破,增加我们真正成为卡尔达肖夫 I 型文明的机会,然后使我们能够在这样做的过程中进行星际探索和太空殖民。我认为也是在近期,就像工业革命导致了技能专业化的快速专门化,可能会有一个伟大的去专业化。所以随着 AI 系统成为特定领域的超人类专家,作为 AI 的整合者可能会有越来越大的价值,让人类成为某种通才。所以人类心智的伟大价值将来自通才,而不是专才。那是一个真正的可能性,那改变了我们在世界中的方式,我们想知道很多东西的一点点,以那种方式在世界中移动。当超过某个阈值时,那可能会对我们作为一个集体智慧、作为人类物种是谁产生完全的转变。此外,作为一个旁注,在思考什么发明是人类历史上最伟大的时候,再次,为了一些乐趣,我们必须记住它们都是建立在彼此之上的。所以我们需要看增量,步骤变化,在,我会说,不可能完美衡量的人类指数级进步的图上。真的,我们可以回到地球上整个生命的历史,之前的播客嘉宾 Nick Lane 在他的书"Life Ascending"中很好地做了这一点,列出了这 10 个地球生命进化中的重大发明,像 DNA、光合作用、复杂细胞、性、运动、视觉,所有这些东西。我忘了上面的完整列表,但我认为那离人类经验太远了,以至于我对这些特定进化发明的生产力倍增器的直觉完全崩溃了,需要一个不同的框架来理解这些进化发明的影响。地球上生命的起源,或者甚至大爆炸本身,当然是为所有其余的东西奠定基础的 OG 发明。而且在那之下可能还有更多尚待发现的乌龟。所以不管怎样,我们生活在有趣的时代,人类同胞们。我确实相信人类的积极轨迹集合在数量上超过消极轨迹集合,但差距不大,所以让我们别搞砸了。现在让我用法国哲学家 Jean de la Bruyere 的一些话来结束,"从困难中生长出奇迹。"感谢收听,希望下次能见到你。
**Lex Fridman:** All right, back to me. Hopefully watching videos of me having my mind blown like the apes in "2001 Space Odyssey" playing with the monolith was somewhat interesting. Like I said, I was very impressed. And now I thought, if it's okay, I could make a few additional comments about the episode, and just in general. In this conversation was Sundar Pichai, I discussed the concept of the Neolithic package, which is the set of innovations that came along with the first agricultural revolution about 12,000 years ago, which included the formation of social hierarchies, the early, primitive forms of government, labor specialization, domestication of plants and animals, early forms of trade, large scale cooperations of humans, like that required to build, yes, the pyramids, and temples, like Gobekli Tepe. I think this may be the right way to actually talk about the inventions that changed human history, not just as a single invention, but as a kind of network of innovations and transformations that came along with it. And the productivity multiplier framework that I mentioned in the episode I think is a nice way to try to concretize the impact of each of these inventions under consideration. And we have to remember that each node in the network of the sort of fast follow-on inventions is in itself a productivity multiplier, some are additive, some are multiplicative. So in some sense, the size of the network in the package is the thing that matters when you're trying to rank the impact of inventions on human history. The easy picks for the period of biggest transformation, at least in sort of modern day discourse, is the industrial revolution, or even in the 20th century, the computer or the internet. I think it's because it's easiest to intuit for modern day humans, the impact, the exponential impact of those technologies. But recently, I suppose this changes week to week, but I have been doing a lot of reading on ancient human history, so recently my pick for the number one invention would have to be the first agricultural revolution, the Neolithic package that led to the formation of human civilizations. That's what enabled the scaling of the collective intelligence machine of humanity, and for us to become the early bootloader for the next 10,000 years of technological progress, which, yes, includes AI, and the tech that builds on top of AI. And of course it could be argued that the word "invention" doesn't properly apply to the agricultural revolution. I think actually Yuval Noah Harari argues that it wasn't the humans who were the inventors, but a handful of plant species, namely wheat, rice, and potatoes. This is strictly a fair perspective, but I'm having fun, like I said, with this discussion. Here, I just think of the entire Earth as a system that continuously transforms, and I'm using the term "invention" in that context, asking the question of when was the biggest leap on the log scale plot of human progress. Will AI, AGI, ASI eventually take the number one spot on this ranking? I think it has a very good chance to do so, due, again, to the size of the network of inventions that will come along with it. I think we discussed in this podcast the kind of things that would be included in the so-called AI package, but I think there's a lot more possibilities, including discussed in previous podcasts, in many previous podcast. Including with Dario Amodei, talking on the biological innovation side, the science progress side. In this podcast, I think we talk about something that I'm particularly excited about in the near term, which is unlocking the cognitive capacity of the entire landscape of brains that is the human species, making it more accessible, through education and through machine translation, making information, knowledge, and rapid learning and innovation process accessible to more humans, to the entire 8 billion, if you will. So I do think language, or machine translation, apply to all the different methods that we use on the internet to discover knowledge is a big unlock. But there are a lot of other stuff in the so-called AI package, like discussed with Dario, curing all major human diseases, he really focuses on that in the "Machines of Loving Grace" essay. I think there will be huge leaps in productivity for human programmers, and semi-autonomous human programmers, so humans in the loop, but most of the programming is done by AI agents. And then moving that towards a superhuman AI researcher that's doing the research that develops and programs the AI system in itself. I think there would be huge transformative effects from autonomous vehicles. These are the things that we maybe don't immediately understand, or we understand from an economics perspective, but there will be a point when AI systems are able to interpret, understand, interact with the human world, the a sufficient degree to where many of the manually controlled human in the loop systems we rely on become fully autonomous. And I think mobility is such a big part of human civilization that there will be effects on that that, they're not just economic, but are social, cultural, and so on. And there's a lot more things I could talk about for a long time, so, obviously, the integration and utilization of AI in the creation of art, film, music. I think the digitalization, and automating basic functions of government, and then integrating AI into that process, thereby decreasing corruption and cost, and increasing transparency and efficiency. I think we, as humans, individual humans will continue to transition further and further into cyborgs. Sort of there's already a AI in the loop of the human condition, and that will become increasingly so as the AI becomes more powerful. The thing I'm obviously really excited about is major breakthroughs in science, and not just on the medical front, but on physics, fundamental physics, which would then lead to energy breakthroughs, increasing the chance that we actually become a Kardashev Type I civilization, and then enabling us, in so doing, to do interstellar exploration of space, and colonization of space. I think that also, in the near term, much like with the industrial revolution that led to rapid specialization of skills of expertise, there might be a great sort of de-specialization. So as the AI systems become superhuman experts at particular fields, there might be greater and greater value to being the integrator of AIs, for humans to be sort of generalists. And so the great value of the human mind will come from the generalists, not the specialists. That's a real possibility, that that changes the way we are about the world, that we wanna know a little bit of a lot of things, and move about the world in that way. That could have, when passing a certain threshold, a complete shift in who we are as a collective intelligence, as a human species. Also, as an aside, when thinking about the invention that was the greatest in human history, again, for a bit of fun, we have to remember that all of them build on top of each other. And so we need to look at the delta, the step change on the, I would say, impossible to perfectly measure plot of exponential human progress. Really, we can go back to the entire history of life on Earth, and a previous podcast guest, Nick Lane, does a great job of this in his book, "Life Ascending," listing these 10 major inventions throughout the evolution of life on Earth, like DNA, photosynthesis, complex cells, sex, movement, sight, all those kinds of things. I forget the full list that's on there, but I think that's so far from the human experience that my intuition about, let's say, productivity multipliers of those particular inventions completely breaks down, and a different framework is needed to understand the impact of these inventions of evolution. The origin of life on Earth, or even the Big Bang itself, of course, is the OG invention that set the stage for all the rest of it. And there are probably many more turtles under that which are yet to be discovered. So anyway, we live in interesting times, fellow humans. I do believe the set of positive trajectories for humanity outnumber the set of negative trajectories, but not by much, so let's not mess this up. And now let me leave you with some words from French philosopher, Jean de la Bruyere, Jean de la BruyerJohn __, "Out of difficulties grow miracles." Thank you for listening, and I hope to see you next time.